Karachay

Karachay­Balkar is a Turkic language spoken in the North Caucasus by approximately 200,000 speakers and by approximately 30,000 more speakers living in Turkey, Western Europe, and the United States. This work provides a linguistic overview of the Karachay dialect of Karachay­Balkar. It consists of a detailed description of the phonological system and the inflectional morphology as well as a necessarily briefer description of the main syntactic features of the language. Also included are several short texts with interlinear translations and a glossary. This is the first description of Karachay to appear in English. Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 3 Table of Contents......Page 5 Abbreviations......Page 7 1. Socio- and Geolinguistic Data......Page 8 2.1.1 Vowels......Page 9 2.1.2 Consonants......Page 10 2.1.2.1 Velars and Uvulars......Page 11 2.2.1 Vowel Harmony,......Page 12 2.2.2 Devoicing......Page 13 2.2.6 Vowel Alternations......Page 14 2.3 Orthography......Page 15 3. Morphology......Page 16 3.1.1.1 Inflection......Page 17 3.1.1.2 Word Formation......Page 18 3.1.2.1 Personal Pronouns......Page 19 3.1.2.3 Reflexive Pronoun......Page 20 3.1.2.4 Numerals......Page 21 3.1.2.5 Demonstratives and Quantifiers......Page 22 3.2 Verbal Morphology......Page 23 3.2.1 The Verbal Base, the Infinitive, and the Citation Form......Page 24 3.2.2 The Copula......Page 25 3.2.4 Participles, Verbal Nouns, and Gerunds......Page 26 3.2.5 Tense and Aspect......Page 27 3.2.6 Mood, Voice, Negation, and Other Verbal Affixes......Page 28 3.3.1 Inflection......Page 30 3.3.2 Word Formation......Page 31 3.5 Uninflected Categories......Page 32 3.5.2 Conjunctions......Page 33 4.1 Phrase-level Syntax......Page 34 4.1.1 Nominal Phrases......Page 35 4.1.2 Verb Phrases......Page 37 4.2.1 Null Subjects......Page 38 4.2.3 Possessives and Existentials......Page 39 4.2.4 Negatives......Page 40 4.2.6 Constituent Order......Page 41 4.2.8 Subordination......Page 42 4.2.8.2 Adjunct Clauses......Page 43 5. Sample Texts......Page 44 Glossary......Page 48 Bibliography......Page 51