Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 11th Edition

Contributing Editors Title Page Copyright Dedication About the Editors Contents Contributors Preface Foreword VOLUME I 1 Neural Sciences 1.1 The Neuroscience of Psychiatry REVIEW OF THE NEUROSCIENCE CHAPTERS CONCLUSIONS 1.2 Functional Neuroanatomy PRINCIPLES OF BRAIN ORGANIZATION STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FUNCTIONAL BRAIN SYSTEMS IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICALLY BASED DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 1.3 Functional Genomics of Human Brain Development THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE DEVELOPING HUMAN CNS THE REGULATORY LANDSCAPE OF THE DEVELOPING HUMAN CNS EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.4 Neural Development and Neurogenesis NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROGENESIS OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM MORPHOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT THE CONCEPT OF NEURAL PATTERNING REGULATION OF NEURODEVELOPMENT BY EXTRACELLULAR FACTORS POSTNATAL NEUROGENESIS IN MAMMALS: SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE AND HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS 1.5 Cellular and Synaptic Basis of Neural Signaling PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY ION CHANNELS NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND ION CHANNELS CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ION CHANNELS SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1.6 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters GLUTAMIC ACID CONCLUSION 1.7 Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters DOPAMINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE SEROTONIN ACETYLCHOLINE HISTAMINE TRACE AMINES 1.8 Neuropeptides: Biology, Regulation and Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders INVESTIGATING NEUROPEPTIDE FUNCTION BIOSYNTHESIS DISTRIBUTION AND REGULATION NEUROPEPTIDE SIGNALING NEUROPEPTIDE SYSTEMS AS DRUG TARGETS SPECIFIC NEUROPEPTIDES AS EXEMPLARS OF NEUROPEPTIDE BIOLOGY FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.9 Novel Neurotransmitters GASES AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS ENDOCANNABINOIDS: FROM MARIJUANA TO NEUROTRANSMISSION EICOSANOIDS NEUROSTEROIDS NOVEL NEUROTRANSMITTERS: BEYOND THE CLASSICAL DEFINITION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER 1.10 Neurotrophic Factors THE NEUROTROPHIN FAMILY NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENT NEUROTROPHINS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY NEUROTROPHINS AND METABOLISM CORRELATES TO NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS CORRELATES TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS NEUROTROPHIC HYPOTHESIS FOR MOOD DISORDERS: THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NEUROTROPHINS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1.11 Intraneuronal Signaling OVERVIEW OF NEURONAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION G-PROTEIN–COUPLED RECEPTOR SIGNALING TYROSINE KINASE PATHWAYS WNT SIGNALING SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY SIGNALING COMPLEXES AND SCAFFOLDS REMOTE CONTROL OF INTRANEURONAL SIGNALING FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.12 Psychoneuroendocrinology HORMONE EVOLUTION HORMONE CLASSIFICATION HORMONE SECRETION HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE CELLULAR MODE OF ACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY METHODOLOGY IN HUMANS HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS METABOLIC SYNDROME PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN, MELANOCORTINS, MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE, AND MELATONIN ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–GONADAL AXIS PREGNENOLONE AND ALLOPREGNANOLONE PROLACTIN HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID AXIS PARATHYROID HORMONE GROWTH HORMONE SOMATOSTATIN ARGININE VASOPRESSIN OXYTOCIN NEUROPEPTIDE Y GALANIN INSULIN LEPTIN/GHRELIN/GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE CHOLECYSTOKININ GASTRIN AND GASTRIN-RELEASING PEPTIDE NEUROTENSIN FUTURE DIRECTIONS: ENDOCRINE VARIABLES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 1.13 Immune–Brain Interactions in Psychiatry COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNE–BRAIN COMMUNICATION SOCIAL ADVERSITY, ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM RELEVANCE OF IMMUNE–CNS INTERACTIONS TO PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENTS IN PSYCHIATRY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PSYCHIATRY CONCLUSIONS TO THE CHAPTER 1.14 Chronobiology, Circadian Rhythm, and Psychiatry CIRCADIAN PACEMAKERS SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS SEASONALITY CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS NONSEASONAL UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 1.15 Basic Science of Sleep NORMAL HUMAN SLEEP EFFECTS OF AGE ON SLEEP MONITORING HUMAN SLEEP PHYSIOLOGY IN SLEEP NEUROBIOLOGY OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS CIRCADIAN AND HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF SLEEP HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF SLEEP AND THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION DREAMING THE FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP SLEEP AND PSYCHIATRY 1.16 Pain Systems: Interface with Affective and Motivational Mechanisms PAIN SYSTEMS PAIN AND MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMS PAIN AND AFFECTIVE REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION COGNITIVE PROCESSING AND PAIN FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.17 Basic Science of Appetite SIGNALS FOR MEAL INITIATION MEAL MAINTENANCE SATIATION AND POSTPRANDIAL SATIETY BRAIN MECHANISMS OF APPETITE PHYSIOLOGIC MODULATORS OF APPETITE PSYCHIATRIC EATING DISORDERS SUMMARY 1.18 Genome, Transcriptome, and Proteome: The Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Multi-Omics Underlying the Neurobiology of Mental Disorders THE ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN GENOME HUMAN GENETIC VARIATION THE FUNCTION OF THE GENOME REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND THE TRANSCRIPTOME PROTEIN REGULATION AND THE PROTEOME PHARMACOGENOMICS IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS THE BRAIN AS A SYSTEM FUTURE PROSPECTS 1.19 Gene Mapping Investigations of Psychiatric Disorders EPIDEMIOLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENE MAPPING MAPPING STRATEGIES THE PHENOTYPE PROGRESS IN THE GENETIC DISSECTION OF SPECIFIC DISORDERS ALZHEIMER DISEASE AUTISM BIPOLAR DISORDER, SCHIZOPHRENIA, MAJOR DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY GENETIC OVERLAP AMONG PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.20 Epigenetics in Psychiatry: The Promise for New Biomarkers and Treatments THE EPIGENETICS MACHINERY EPIGENETICS IN PRECLINICAL WORK EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS 1.21 Pharmacogenetics THE SEARCH FOR INDIVIDUALIZED PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS PHARMACOGENETICS OF PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACOKINETICS BEYOND DRUG LEVELS OF THE PARENT DRUG THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF ONE DRUG MAY GENERATE MULTIPLE ACTIVE COMPOUNDS PHARMACOKINETICS AND ALCOHOLISM PHARMACOKINETICS, PHARMACOGENETICS, AND DRUG ENTRY INTO THE BRAIN GEOGRAPHIC AND ETHNIC PHARMACOKINETIC VARIABILITY CULTURE OR ETHNICITY-RELATED PHARMACOGENETICS? PHARMACOGENETICS OF PHARMACODYNAMICS PHARMACOGENETICS OF SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING: A BRIEF OVERVIEW CONCLUSIONS 1.22 Animal Models in Psychiatry THE USE OF ANIMAL MODELS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH NEGATIVE VALENCE POSITIVE VALENCE COGNITION SOCIAL FUNCTIONING SLEEP AND AROUSAL CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.23 Basic Systems Neuroscience THE IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY OF ANIMAL MODELS NEURAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND NEURAL CODES SUMMARY 1.24 Computational Modeling Approaches to Psychiatry BIOPHYSICALLY BASED CIRCUIT MODELS COGNITIVE PSYCHIATRIC NEUROSCIENCE AND CONNECTIONIST MODELS MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF BEHAVIOR MODELING NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BIOMARKERS FUTURE CHALLENGES 1.25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and Recent Findings in Neuropsychiatric Disorders HISTORY BASIC PHYSICS OF NMR, MRS, AND MRI SYSTEM HARDWARE FOURIER TRANSFORM MRI METHODOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL IMAGING TO PSYCHIATRY FUNCTIONAL MRI METHODOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF FMRI IN PSYCHIATRY 1H MRS 31P MRS 13C MRS APPLICATIONS OF MRS IN PSYCHIATRY DEUTERIUM METABOLIC IMAGING (DMI) PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.26 Electroencephalography in Psychiatry HISTORY BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY EEG RECORDING AND RELATED METHODOLOGY EEG CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES EEG IN APPLIED CLINICAL PRACTICE EEG IN PSYCHIATRY EEG ALTERATIONS FROM MEDICATIONS AND DRUGS EEG AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PARADIGMS SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS: EEG IN THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY TRANSLATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS TO CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 1.27 Radiotracer Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography: Fundamental Principles, Methodology and Role in Neuropsychiatric Research OVERVIEW BASIC PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS AND METHODS, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS RADIOTRACERS NEUROCHEMICAL IMAGING IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH NEUROINFLAMMATION IMAGING IN PSYCHIATRY FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.28 Functional Brain Connectivity and Psychopathology THE ADVENT OF STUDYING FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY NETWORKS MODALITIES FOR ASSESSING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY METHODS FOR ANALYZING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES IN APPLYING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY ANALYSES TO THE STUDY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CONCLUSION 1.29 Neuropsychiatry of Self INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF SELF-REPRESENTATION CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.30 Learning Theory and Psychosis, Anxiety, and Addiction A BRIEF HISTORY OF LEARNING THEORIES ADDICTION ANXIETY SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 1.31 Neuroscience of Substance Use Disorders PHASES OF THE ADDICTION PROCESS THEORIES OF ADDICTION BRAIN PATHWAYS IN ADDICTION CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR SUBSTRATES OF ADDICTION SEX DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS CURRENT TREATMENTS 2 Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology 2.1 The Neuropsychiatric Approach to the Patient NEUROPSYCHIATRIC NEUROANATOMY MODULARITY AND NEUROPSYCHIATRY CLINICAL EVALUATION THE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FOCAL NEUROBEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES COMMON NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS THE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PERSPECTIVE 2.2 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Cerebrovascular Disorders EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION COURSE AND PROGNOSIS TREATMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2.3 The Neuropsychiatry of Brain Tumors PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATION BRAIN TUMORS BRAIN TUMORS IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN BRAIN TUMOR PATIENTS FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2.4 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy and Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF EPILEPSY PSYCHOGENIC NONEPILEPTIC SEIZURES 2.5 Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TBI MECHANISMS OF TBI NEUROIMAGING AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS CATEGORIZATION OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SEVERITY COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS AND SEQUELAE OF TBI TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS TBI AND LATER-LIFE NEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY GENERAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2.6 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Movement Disorders PARKINSON DISEASE PRIMARY DEMENTIA SYNDROMES WITH PARKINSONIAN SIGNS CEREBELLAR DISORDERS 2.7 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2.8 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV Infection and AIDS OVERVIEW OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS IN THE HIV CARE HIV-ASSOCIATED DEMENTIA MAJOR DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH HIV DISEASE BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) ILLNESSES IN PATIENTS WITH HIV DISEASE SCHIZOPHRENIA IN PATIENTS WITH HIV DISEASE ISSUES OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AND ADDICTION IN HIV DISEASE ISSUES OF PERSONALITY IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HIV PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HIV NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF HIV AND AIDS CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2.9 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Other Infectious Diseases (Non-HIV) VIRUSES BACTERIA PROTOZOA HELMINTHS 2.10 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Prion Disease NONFAMILIAL PRION DISEASES FAMILIAL GENETIC PRION DISEASES HISTORY OF PRION DISEASES EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRION DISEASES PRION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES NEUROPSYCHIATRIC WORKUP: THE STRUCTURED PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY COURSE AND PROGNOSIS TREATMENT PREVENTIVE MEASURES 2.11 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Headache DEFINITIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COURSE ETIOLOGY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL EVALUATION TREATMENT OF HEADACHE SYNDROMES 2.12 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Neuromuscular Diseases STRUCTURE OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONOPATHIES AND DISORDERS OF THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDERS MUSCLE DISEASES MISCELLANEOUS NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 2.13 Psychiatric Aspects of Child Neurology FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS PREMATURE BIRTH AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS EPILEPSY TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY OVERALL SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2.14 Neuropsychiatry of Neurometabolic and Neuroendocrine Disorders NEUROMETABOLIC SYNDROMES NEUROENDOCRINE DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 2.15 Catatonia BRIEF HISTORY AND NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND FEATURES NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 3 Contributions of the Psychological Sciences 3.1 Contributions of the Psychological Sciences: Sensation, Perception, and Cognition COGNITIVE SCIENCE NEURAL NETWORK GROWTH AND INTEGRATION MIND AND BRAIN ENERGY AND INFORMATION INFORMATION PROCESSING ATTENTION SENSATION AND PERCEPTION MEMORY SYSTEMS CONSCIOUSNESS SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AND COGNITION IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 3.2 Piaget and Cognitive Development: History, Theory, Extensions, and Modifications PIAGET’S CLINICAL METHOD GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY PIAGET THEORY INTELLIGENCE: PIAGETIAN MODEL AND ITS ALTERNATIVES NEW CONCEPTS OF INTELLIGENCE: EMOTIONAL BASIS OF INTELLIGENCE TOWARD A GENERAL DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3.3 Learning Theory HISTORICAL CONTEXT BASIC CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING OPERANT/INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT LEARNING TOGETHER ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3.4 Biology of Memory MULTIPLE TYPES OF MEMORY CORTICAL ORGANIZATION OF MEMORY MEMORY SYSTEMS FROM SYNAPSES TO MEMORY MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS ASSESSMENT OF MEMORY FUNCTIONS IMPLICATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3.5 Normality and Mental Health MODEL A: MENTAL HEALTH AS ABOVE NORMAL MODEL B: MENTAL HEALTH AS POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MODEL C: MENTAL HEALTH AS MATURITY MODEL D: MENTAL HEALTH AS RESILIENCE MODEL E: MENTAL HEALTH AS SOCIOEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE MODEL F: MENTAL HEALTH AS SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING MODEL G: MENTAL HEALTH AS POSITIVE OR “SPIRITUAL” EMOTIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 3.6 Neuroscience of Psychoanalytic Object Relations Theory BASICS OF BRAIN AND MIND SELF-ORGANIZATION BASICS OF OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY THE PRENATAL SOMATOSENSORY ORIGINS OF THE MIND PHANTASY: THE BRAIN’S PHYLOGENETIC CODE FOR PRIMITIVE MENTAL FORMS RECURSIVE CYCLES OF PROJECTION AND INTROJECTION ORGANIZE THE INNER AND THE OUTER WORLD PARTIAL OBJECT RELATIONS INTEGRATED OBJECT RELATIONS: COGNITIVE RECONCILIATION OF AFFECTIVE DICHOTOMIES COGNITIVE AND NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE OF THE EXPERIENCE OF SELF WORKING THROUGH AND BEYOND Summary ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 Contribution of the Social Sciences 4.1 Neurocentrism: Implications for Addiction and the Courtroom BRAIN AND MIND—WHY THEY ARE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, ADDICTION, AND THE BRAIN DISEASE FALLACY NEURAL CORRELATES AND VOLUNTARINESS COEXIST NEUROCENTRISM, FREE WILL, AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4.2 Transcultural Psychiatry ETHNOCULTURAL DIVERSITY OF THE U.S. POPULATION RACISM AND MENTAL HEALTH MENTAL HEALTH OF RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND MIGRANT POPULATIONS MENTAL HEALTH CARE DISPARITIES FOR MIGRANT AND MINORITIZED ETHNORACIAL POPULATIONS MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE UNITED STATES MENTAL HEALTH OF REFUGEES CULTURE AND MENTAL HEALTH CULTURALLY COMPETENT ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON MENTAL HEALTH 4.3 Evolutionary Foundations for Psychiatric Research and Practice FIVE ADVANCES CORE PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY EMOTIONS RELATIONSHIPS EXPLAINING VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC DISORDERS FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5 Quantitative and Experimental Methods in Psychiatry 5.1 Quantitative and Experimental Methods in Psychiatry: Epidemiology BACKGROUND MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY MEASURES OF EFFECT AND ASSOCIATION EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY DESIGNS SAMPLING AND SAMPLING STRATEGIES MEASUREMENT CASE IDENTIFICATION ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF MENTAL DISORDERS MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEYS EMERGING ISSUES 5.2 Statistics and Experimental Design BASIC IDEAS USING DATA TO ESTIMATE PARAMETERS USING DATA TO TEST HYPOTHESES THE BAYESIAN APPROACH RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS SPECIFIC STATISTICAL METHODS STUDY DESIGN EVALUATING TREATMENTS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS, IN THE REAL WORLD, AND UNDER FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 6 Theories of Personality and Psychopathology 6.1 Psychoanalytic Theories and Treatment: Perspective from North America and Great Britain SIGMUND FREUD EGO PSYCHOLOGY MARGARET MAHLER’S DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY HEINZ KOHUT’S SELF-PSYCHOLOGY OTTO KERNBERG’S INTEGRATION OF OBJECT RELATIONS AND STRUCTURAL SCHOOLS ATTACHMENT THEORY RELATIONAL THEORY AND INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACH NEUROPSYCHOANALYSIS PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY IN PRACTICE TECHNICAL ASPECTS CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS 6.2 Erik H. Erikson CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE BECOMING A CHILD PSYCHOANALYST EMIGRATING TO AMERICA PSYCHOANALYTIC ANTHROPOLOGY MIDLIFE TRANSITION EIGHT STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE BECOMING A BIOGRAPHER OF YOUTH BECOMING A BIOGRAPHER OF MIDDLE AGE ERIKSON AND CULTURE APPLICATION OF ERIKSON’S CONCEPTS TO CLINICAL WORK 6.3 Other Psychodynamic Schools ADOLF MEYER ALFRED ADLER CARL GUSTAV JUNG FRANZ ALEXANDER WILHELM REICH KAREN HORNEY ERICH FROMM HARRY STACK SULLIVAN ERIC BERNE NANCY CHODOROW 6.4 Approaches Derived from Philosophy and Psychology PHILOSOPHY BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACHES HUMANISTIC APPROACHES TRAIT AND FACTOR MODELS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 7 Diagnosis and Psychiatry: Examination of the Psychiatric Patient 7.1 Psychiatric Interview, History, and Mental Status Examination of the Adult Patient GENERAL PRINCIPLES HISTORY AND EXAMINATION COMMUNICATION OF OPINIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TECHNIQUES SELECTED CHALLENGING INTERVIEW SCENARIOS SPECIAL TOPICS 7.2 The Psychiatric Report and Outline for a Psychiatric Examination PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY MENTAL STATUS FURTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES SUMMARY OF FINDINGS DIAGNOSIS PROGNOSIS PSYCHODYNAMIC FORMULATION COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT PLAN 7.3 Practice Guidelines in Psychiatry EARLY GUIDELINE EFFORTS AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AND GUIDELINES INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE REPORTS PRACTICE GUIDELINES IN PSYCHIATRY APA PRACTICE GUIDELINE PROJECT ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF GUIDELINES THE FUTURE OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES 7.4 Neuropsychological Assessment of Adults NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ADULTS WHO IS A CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST? RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DISCIPLINES HISTORICAL INFLUENCES NEUROANATOMICAL CORRELATES PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES GENERAL REFERRAL ISSUES APPROACHES TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT DOMAINS OF FORMAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT THERAPEUTIC DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 7.5 Personality Assessment of Adults PURPOSES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS ADULT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS 7.6 Medical Assessment and Laboratory Testing in Psychiatry PHYSICAL HEALTH MONITORING DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT TREATMENT SELECTION AND MONITORING CONCLUSION 7.7 Principles and Applications of Quantitative Electroencephalography in Psychiatry DEDICATION FROM EEG TO qEEG NEUROMETRIC qEEG: HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF THE EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRUM STEPS IN NEUROMETRIC qEEG ANALYSIS HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEM GENERATING AND REGULATING THE EEG qEEG Source Localization Tomographic Brain Images CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF qEEG DEPARTURES FROM GROUND STATE OR DEFAULT MODE NETWORK qEEG-Based Depth of Anesthesia Monitor: Level of Consciousness THERAPEUTIC CORRECTION OF DEPARTURES FROM THE GROUND STATE CONSCIOUSNESS INFORMATION IS SYNCHRONOUS DEVIATIONS FROM GROUND STATE CONCLUSIONS 7.8 Psychiatric Rating Scales POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF RATING SCALES IN PSYCHIATRY TYPES OF SCALES AND WHAT THEY MEASURE ASSESSMENT OF RATING SCALES SELECTION OF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALES 7.9 Electronic Media in Psychiatry DEFINITIONS AND LEGISLATIVE HISTORY COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION MEDICAL RECORDS CLINICAL ISSUES ETHICAL ISSUES THEORETICAL ISSUES RESEARCH AND EVALUATION 7.10 Cultural Competency in the Organization and Delivery of Psychiatric Care DEFINITIONS: CULTURAL GROUP; CULTURAL COMPETENCY STRUCTURAL COMPETENCY: ADDRESSING INSTITUTIONAL DRIVERS OF INEQUALITY WHY CC IS IMPORTANT: DIVERSITY, DISPARITIES CULTURAL AWARENESS OF CAREGIVERS GOVERNMENT RESPONSE: STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS BEYOND THE RHETORIC: DEFINING THE ACTUAL ACTIVITIES OF CC IN CONCLUSION 7.11 Medical Error PREVENTING MEDICAL ERROR 8 Clinical Manifestations of Psychiatric Disorders NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE THE CLINICAL CHALLENGES DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF PSYCHIATRIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS THINKING DISTURBANCES DISTURBANCES OF JUDGMENT DISTURBANCES OF PERCEPTION DISTURBANCES OF CONSCIOUSNESS DISTURBANCES OF THE SELF DISTURBANCES OF MEMORY LANGUAGE DISORDERS DISORDERS OF THE WILL DISTURBANCES OF MOOD ANXIETY DISORDERS SOMATIC DISTURBANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS DISTURBANCES OF BEHAVIOR DISTURBANCES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS DISTURBANCES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY MOTOR DISTURBANCES AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS DRUG-INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDERS MOTOR DISTURBANCES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA OTHER MOVEMENT DISTURBANCES FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 Classification in Psychiatry 9.1 Present and Future of Classification Systems for Mental Disorders CLASSIFICATION IN MEDICINE BRIEF GLOSSARY DEFINITION OF MENTAL DISORDER (DSM-5) BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS CLASSICAL EUROPEAN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY THE U.S. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS LEADING TO DSM-5 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHIATRIC NOSOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES MODERN PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA 9.2 The Classification of Mental Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES COMPARING ICD AND DSM CLASSIFICATIONS MENTAL DISORDERS IN ICD-11 ICD-11 AND DSM-5: SOME CONTROVERSIES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 10 Neurocognitive Disorders 10.1 Cognitive Disorders: Introduction 10.2 Delirium DEFINITION HISTORY COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY ETIOLOGIES DIAGNOSIS PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COURSE AND PROGNOSIS PREVENTION TREATMENT 10.3 Major Neurocognitive Disorders (Dementia) DEFINITION HISTORY COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND PATHOLOGY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COURSE AND PROGNOSIS MANAGEMENT HEALTH DISPARITIES IN DEMENTIA COVID-19 AND DEMENTIA MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER SUBTYPES 10.4 Mild Cognitive Impairment and Amnestic Disorders MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT FUTURE DIRECTIONS AMNESTIC DISORDERS 10.5 Cognitive Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition or Substance NOSOLOGY ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL FEATURES COURSE AND PROGNOSIS TREATMENT SPECIFIC DISORDERS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 11 Substance-Related Disorders 11.1 Substance Use Disorders: Introduction SUMMARY 11.2 Alcohol-Related Disorders DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY A Brief History of Alcohol and AUDs EPIDEMIOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY AND ALCOHOL’S EFFECTS ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES IDENTIFICATION IN CLINICAL SETTINGS AND RELATED LABORATORY TESTS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Course and Prognosis of AUDs TREATMENT 11.3 Stimulant-Related Disorders DEFINITIONS HISTORY COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES COMORBIDITY TOXICITY AND MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COURSE AND PROGNOSIS TREATMENT 11.4 Caffeine-Related Disorders DEFINITION HISTORY COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY CAFFEINE INTOXICATION CAFFEINE-INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER CAFFEINE-INDUCED SLEEP DISORDER CAFFEINE WITHDRAWAL CAFFEINE USE DISORDER 11.5 Cannabis-Related Disorders HISTORY CANNABIS PREPARATIONS METHODS OF USE COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANNABIS USE PHARMACOLOGY OF CANNABINOIDS DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL FEATURES ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS USE LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS TREATMENT CONCLUSION 11.6 Hallucinogen-Related Disorders HISTORICAL OVERVIEW EPIDEMIOLOGIC OVERVIEW OF HALLUCINOGEN USE HALLUCINOGEN SUBCLASSES COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY PHENCYCLIDINE AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN INTOXICATION PHENCYCLIDINE USE DISORDER AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN USE DISORDER HALLUCINOGEN-PERSISTING PERCEPTION DISORDER PCP- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED BIPOLAR DISORDER PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE DISORDER PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED INTOXICATION DELIRIUM UNSPECIFIED PHENCYCLIDINE-RELATED DISORDER AND UNSPECIFIED HALLUCINOGEN-RELATED DISORDER 11.7 Inhalant-Related Disorders DEFINITION COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES INHALANT USE DISORDER INHALANT-INDUCED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS ADDITIONAL INHALANT CLASSIFICATIONS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 11.8 Tobacco-Related Disorders HISTORY COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS COURSE AND PROGNOSIS TREATMENT SPECIAL POPULATIONS EMERGING AREAS OF RESEARCH PREVENTION AND POLICY INITIATIVES 11.9 Opioid Use and Related Disorders: From Neuroscience to Treatment HISTORICAL BACKGROUND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES COURSE AND PROGNOSIS TREATMENT CONCLUSION 11.10 Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders DEFINITION ETIOLOGY AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGY MISUSE LIABILITY EPIDEMIOLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES TREATMENT 11.11 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid-Related Disorders HISTORY COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY PHARMACOLOGY LABORATORY FINDINGS ETIOLOGY ANABOLIC STEROID DEPENDENCE ANABOLIC STEROID–INDUCED MOOD DISORDERS ANABOLIC STEROID–INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER ANABOLIC STEROID–RELATED DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED 12 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 12.1 Introduction and Overview 12.2 Phenomenology of Schizophrenia DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS 12.3 Global Burden of Schizophrenia SCHIZOPHRENIA BEFORE AND AFTER KRAEPELIN DIAGNOSTIC COMPARABILITY OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIA PHENOTYPE ACROSS POPULATIONS VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA VARIATION IN THE COURSE AND OUTCOME OF SCHIZOPHRENIA THE BURDEN OF COMORBIDITY VARIATIONS IN MORTALITY CRIMINAL OFFENDING AND VICTIMIZATION CLINICAL HIGH-RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS AND SUBTHRESHOLD PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS FUTURE DIRECTIONS 12.4 Genetics of Schizophrenia FAMILY, TWIN, AND ADOPTION STUDIES ADVANCES IN THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA CONVERGENCE ONTO BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS THE EMERGING GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SPECTRUM CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 12.5 The Clinical Epidemiology of Psychosis Spectrum Disorder WHAT IS CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY? RISK FACTORS FOR THE ONSET OF PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER SPECIFICITY OF HERITABILITY GENETIC MODEL OF LIABILITY FOR PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER RISK FACTORS OPERATING DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND EARLY CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY PREMORBID VULNERABILITY INDICATORS/MARKERS HIGH-RISK MODELS OF PSYCHOSIS ONSET THE COURSE AND OUTCOME OF PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER TOWARD AN EMPIRICALLY BASED MODEL OF PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER: A WORK IN PROGRESS 12.6 Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology of Schizophrenia MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES AND CYTOARCHITECTURAL CHANGES NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS BIOENERGETIC DYSFUNCTION SCHIZOPHRENIA AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER THE INFLAMMATION HYPOTHESIS INTEGRATIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA 12.7 Structural Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia THE BRAIN AND SCHIZOPHRENIA: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL BRAIN IMAGING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA 12.8 Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia MAGNETIC RESONANCE FUNCTIONAL IMAGING METHODS FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA 12.9 Molecular Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia MOLECULAR BRAIN IMAGING AND THEORIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA TYPES OF MOLECULAR IMAGING MOLECULAR IMAGING IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MOLECULAR IMAGING IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENTS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA ISSUES OF QUANTIFICATION OF NEURORECEPTORS, TRANSPORTERS, AND INTRASYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS MOLECULAR IMAGING AND GENETICS ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBTYPING AND HETEROGENEITY ANALYSIS MOLECULAR IMAGING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE FUTURE DIRECTIONS 12.10 Neurocognition in Schizophrenia NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA NATURAL HISTORY OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT RELATIONSHIP OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT TO SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT NEUROCOGNITION AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY TREATMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 12.11 Phenotypes of Psychosis DO CLINICAL EXPERIENTIAL PSYCHOSIS DEFINITIONS CAPTURE BIOLOGIC REALITY? NEUROBIOLOGY OF DSM PSYCHOSIS DIAGNOSES HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND REPLICATION IN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY B-SNIP RESULTS USING DSM PSYCHOSIS DIAGNOSES AS THE GOLD STANDARD PSYCHOSIS BIOTYPES PSYCHOSIS SYNDROMES: DIFFERENCES IN KIND? 12.12 Schizophrenia: Pharmacologic Treatment HISTORY PHASES OF TREATMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA FIRST EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA EFFECTIVENESS OF DRUGS FOR PSYCHOSIS TREATMENT OF ACUTE EPISODES MANAGING SIDE EFFECTS NEGATIVE, MOOD, AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR STRATEGIES FOR POOR RESPONDERS MAINTENANCE THERAPY INTEGRATING PHARMACOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 12.13 Psychiatric Rehabilitation HISTORY OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES SUPPORTIVE HOUSING INDIVIDUAL PLACEMENT AND SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY TOOLS SUMMARY 12.14 Medical Health in Schizophrenia ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA MEDICAL CAUSES OF EXCESS MORTALITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA MECHANISMS OF DISEASE INCREASED PREVALENC