Justice over the Course of Life: Biographies in a Society of Long Lives (Schriften zu Gesundheit und Gesellschaft - Studies on Health and Society Book 1)

"In this interdisciplinary book, experts from philosophy, medicine, law, psychology, economics, and social sciences address questions and develop solutions for a well-designed society of long life. Young as well as old people have to actively shape more and more of their life span. At the same time, aging becomes more multifaceted: the individual view on one's own life course is changing, and the needs and demands for a fulfilled life are diversifying. The implications affect all spheres of life - from education and workplace to health care and the culture of interaction. They require content-related and structural adjustments for a diverse society of longevity in which multiple generations live alongside each other. But how can change be managed responsibly, how can individual and collective responsibility be distributed appropriately, and how can a sustainable and fair social future be ensured?' Preface 6 Contents 9 How Fair Is the German Old-Age Pension System? 10 1 Introduction 10 2 Social Justice à la Rawls 11 3 Social Justice in Healthcare 13 4 Social Justice in Old-Age Pension 15 5 ``Elderly Bias ́ ́ in Social Policy? 20 References 21 Who Cares for What? Determinants of Preparation for Old Age Across the Life Course 22 References 32 Age Categories in Social Security Systems 34 1 Age Limits Under the Law 34 1.1 Aging and the Law 34 1.2 Age Categories: Clarity and Arbitrariness 35 1.3 Justice Among Generations and Age Cohorts 35 2 Are Age Limits Discriminatory? 36 2.1 Trends and Debates in Constitutional and European Law 36 2.2 Reservations Concerning a General Ban on ``Age Discrimination ́ ́ 37 2.3 The Egalitarian Character of Age Limits 39 3 Conclusion 42 References 42 Life Course and Social Participation: (Not Only) a Question of Fairness 45 1 Life Course and the Limitations of Justice 45 2 The Relevance of the Old Testament ́s Parental Commandment 46 3 Social Relations of Obligation 48 4 Relations Between the Generations and Social Relations of Obligation 49 References 52 Fair Participation for Aging Employees at the Workplace 53 1 Are Older People Obligated, Willing, and Able to Work? 53 2 The Relationship Between Work, Health, Productivity, and Age 54 2.1 Work and Health 54 2.2 Performance and Age 55 2.3 Work and Performance 55 2.4 Work and Age 55 3 The Management of Aging Employees 56 4 Summary 56 References 57 Becoming Motivated and Competent to Perform Health-Enhancing Behaviors 59 1 Psychological Constructs and Mechanisms in Health Behavior Change 60 1.1 Motivational Phase: Risk Perception, Outcome Expectancies, Motivational Self-Efficacy 61 1.2 Volitional Phase: Planning, Self-Efficacy, Action Control 62 1.3 The Structure of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) at a Glance 63 2 Interventions Based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) 64 3 Examples of 10-Minute Global Health Behavior Interventions 65 4 Taking Advantage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Such as Social Media 66 5 Conclusions 68 References 69 Autonomy and Care in the Law of the Human Biography 71 1 Personal Law and Human Lives 71 2 Persons and Populations at the Endpoints of the Human Biography 73 2.1 Autonomy Problems with the Young and the Old 73 2.2 Minor Patients: Children and Adolescents 74 2.2.1 Competency and Limitations, Especially on the Concept of Capacity for Consent 74 2.2.2 Decision-Making Level, Participation Level, Veto 76 2.3 Age and Dementia 78 2.3.1 Adults and Capacity for Consent 78 2.3.2 Formulating Professional Norms 79 2.3.3 The Judicial Balancing-Act Between Self-Determination and Restrictions on Freedom 80 3 Special Areas of Medical Activity 82 3.1 Research 82 3.2 Transplantation Medicine 83 3.3 Elective Procedures and Cosmetic Surgery 84 3.4 Genetic Testing 84 4 Problems and Perspectives of Norm formulation 86 4.1 Normativity and Facticity 87 4.2 Individualizing or Typifying 88 4.3 Protective Purposes and Legal Rights: Autonomy and Care Revisited 89 5 Conclusion 90 References 91 The Extra Years: Creating More Opportunities for Women and Men by Redistributing (Working) Time 94 1 On the Labor Market Status of Women and Men 94 2 How to Increase Gender Equity in the Labor Market 98 3 Redistributing (Working) Hours Over the Life Course 99 4 Redistributing (Working) Time Between Women and Men 101 References 103 Health Literacy in Europe: The Concept, Its Impact and Application 106 1 Introduction 106 2 The Concept of Health Literacy 107 3 Measuring Health Literacy in Europe 108 4 The Impact of Health Literacy in Practice 109 5 Conclusion 110 References 110 Patient Involvement in Health Care: Conceptualisation, Measurement, Uptake and Future Improvement 113 1 Introduction 113 2 Conceptualising Patient Involvement in Health Care: A Means to an End or an End in Itself? 114 3 Measuring What Is Important to Patients 116 3.1 Involving Patients in Deciding What Is Being Measured 116 3.2 Measuring Patient Views of Their Own Care 118 3.3 Measuring Organisations ́ Preparedness for Patient Involvement 118 4 Higher Order Learning in Practice: Current Uptake by Hospitals of Patient Involvement Strategies 123 4.1 Levels of Involvement of Patients in Quality Improvement Functions at Hospital and Departmental Level 123 5 Strengthening Patient Involvement in Health Care in the Future 127 5.1 Target Those Most in Need 128 5.2 Patient Representatives 129 5.3 Underlying Theory 129 6 Conclusion 130 References 130