Just Enough Nitrogen : Perspectives on How to Get There for Regions with Too Much and Too Little Nitrogen

This volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the ‘too much’ and ‘too little’ sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of ‘just enough nitrogen’: sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the ‘Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,’ as reported in this volume. Humanity today faces unprecedented challenges: How to feed a growing population? How to reduce air pollution, water pollution and climate change? How to handle regional differences in an era of increasing globalization? These questions are at the heart of this edited volume which examines the multi-dimensional nature of the global nitrogen challenge. While humans have massively altered the nitrogen cycle, the consequences have become polarized. Some regions have too much nitrogen, associated with pollution and wasteful use of a valuable resource, while other regions have too little nitrogen, leading to constraints on food production and depletion of soil nutrient stocks. The volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the ‘too much’ and ‘too little’ sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of ‘just enough nitrogen’: sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the ‘Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally,’ as reported in this volume. Together, the contributions in this book are now informing actions by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) in working with the United Nations Environment Programme and others to establish the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS). A key outcome has been to catalyse development of the first Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, as adopted by the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA/EA.4/Res.14). The work is written for researchers and policy makers and all those interested in seeing how sustainable nitrogen management can contribute to meeting many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Front Matter ....Pages i-xxx Just Enough Nitrogen: Summary and Synthesis of Outcomes (Mark A. Sutton, Kate E. Mason, Albert Bleeker, W. Kevin Hicks, Cargele Masso, N. Raghuram et al.)....Pages 1-25 Front Matter ....Pages 27-27 Long Term Trends in Agronomical and Environmental Performances of World Cropping Systems: The Relationship Between Yield and Nitrogen Input to Cropland at the Country and Regional Scales (Luis Lassaletta, Gilles Billen, Bruna Grizzetti, Juliette Anglade, Josette Garnier)....Pages 29-45 A Critique of Combining Tillage Practices and Nitrogen for Enhanced Maize Production on a Humic Nitisol in Kenya (J. W. Onyango, A. O. Esilaba, K. P. C. Rao, P. Kathuli)....Pages 47-54 Influence of Varying Rates of Fertilizers on the Performance of Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Seedlings in the Nursery (Idowu B. Famuwagun, Titilayo Oladitan)....Pages 55-63 Assessing Synergies and Trade-Offs from Nitrogen Use in Africa (Jonathan E. Hickman, Shamie Zingore, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Job Kihara, Mateete Bekunda, Cheryl A. Palm)....Pages 65-82 Potential of Extensification of European and Dutch Agriculture for a More Sustainable Food System Focusing on Nitrogen and Livestock (Hans J. M. van Grinsven, Jan Willem Erisman, Wim de Vries, Henk Westhoek, Luis Lassaletta)....Pages 83-98 Front Matter ....Pages 97-97 History of Rhizobia Inoculants Use for Improving Performance of Grain Legumes Based on Experience from Nigeria (Aliyu A. Abdullahi, John Howieson, Graham O’Hara, Jason Terpolilli, Ravi Tiwari, Ado A. Yusuf)....Pages 101-113 Producer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Dry Beans and Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Kamuli District, Uganda (L. Michael Lege, Lynne A. Carpenter-Boggs)....Pages 115-123 Performance of Mwitemania Bean Under the Influence of Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobium Inoculant, Water Hyacinth Composts and DAP Fertilizer in a Field Infested with Aphis fabae and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Victoria Naluyange, Dennis M. W. Ochieno, Philip Wandahwa, John M. Maingi, Omwoyo Ombori, Dative Mukaminega et al.)....Pages 125-138 Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Pigeonpea and Groundnut: Quantifying Response Across 18 Farm Sites in Northern Malawi (Wezi G. Mhango, Sieglinde Snapp, George Y. Kanyama-Phiri)....Pages 139-153 Front Matter ....Pages 151-151 Biological Determinants of Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Biotechnological Avenues for Improvement (Vimlendu Bhushan Sinha, Annie P. Jangam, N. Raghuram)....Pages 157-171 Nitrogen Loss When Using Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Soddy Podzolic Sandy-Loam Soil in Central Russia (Sergei M. Lukin)....Pages 173-185 Sorghum Response to Nitrogen in Organic Carbon-Categorized Ferralsol and Andosol in Uganda (Patrick Musinguzi, Peter Ebanyat, John S. Tenywa, Mateete Bekunda)....Pages 187-201 Evaluating Resource Use Efficiency and Stock Balances of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Inputs: The Effect of Soil Supply Capacity in Tigray (Ethiopia) (Richard G. Kraaijvanger, Tom Veldkamp)....Pages 203-219 Rice Response to Nitrogen and Supplemental Irrigation Under Low Phosphorus and Potassium in Upland Production Systems in East Africa (Geoffrey Onaga, Joseph Kikafunda, George Bigirwa, Godfrey Asea, Lizzy A. Mwamburi)....Pages 221-234 Contribution of Gliricidia sepium Pruning and Fallow to Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa) Yield, Nitrogen Uptake, Release Pattern and Use Efficiency in a Humid Tropical Environment of Malaysia (P. Kathuli, A. R. Zaharah, S. N. Nguluu)....Pages 235-251 Front Matter ....Pages 241-241 Further Evidence of the Haber-Bosch—Harmful Algal Bloom (HB-HAB) Link and the Risk of Suggesting HAB Control Through Phosphorus Reductions Only (Patricia M. Glibert, Roxane Maranger, Daniel J. Sobota, Lex Bouwman)....Pages 255-282 Human Health Effects of Exposure to Nitrate, Nitrite, and Nitrogen Dioxide (Jean D. Brender)....Pages 283-294 Nitrogen Deposition to China’s Coastal Seas: Status and Ecological Impacts (Enzai Du)....Pages 295-302 Anthropogenic Nitrogen Loads to Freshwater: A High-Resolution Global Study (Mesfin M. Mekonnen, Arjen Y. Hoekstra)....Pages 303-317 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in Spain: Emission and Deposition Trends, Critical Load Exceedances and Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems (Héctor García-Gómez, Héctor Calvete-Sogo, Ignacio González-Fernández, Isaura Rábago, Victoria Bermejo, Fernando Valiño et al.)....Pages 319-328 Front Matter ....Pages 315-315 Nitrogen Aspects of the Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Study for Paddy Rice Ecosystems (Kentaro Hayashi, Keisuke Ono, Takeshi Tokida, Miwa Y. Matsushima, Midori Yano, Sakae Toyoda et al.)....Pages 331-340 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions from Forests, Grasslands and Agricultural Soils in Northern Spain (María Eréndira Calleja-Cervantes, Ximena Huerfano, Iskander Barrena, José María Estavillo, Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo, Carmen Gonzalez-Murua et al.)....Pages 341-349 Effect of Climate Change and Crop-Year on the Yield and Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiency in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production (Peter Pepó)....Pages 351-359 Front Matter ....Pages 345-345 DNMARK: Danish Nitrogen Mitigation Assessment: Research and Know-how for a Sustainable, Low-Nitrogen Food Production (Tommy Dalgaard, Steen Brock, Birgitte Hansen, Berit Hasler, Ole Hertel, Nicholas J. Hutchings et al.)....Pages 363-376 Front Matter ....Pages 361-361 Farm Level Assessment of Nitrogen Use Efficiency as Part of Environmental Management (Aleksandr Briukhanov, Eduard Vasilev, Natalia Kozlova, Dmitry Maksimov, Ekaterina Shalavina, Igor Subbotin)....Pages 379-390 Front Matter ....Pages 375-375 Agroforestry and Opportunities for Improved Nitrogen Management (Gerry Lawson, William J. Bealey, Christian Dupraz, Ute M. Skiba)....Pages 393-417 Front Matter ....Pages 401-401 Global Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution (Bruna Grizzetti, Gilles Billen, Eric A. Davidson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Wim de Vries, David Fowler et al.)....Pages 421-431 A First Approach to the Calculation of Nitrogen Footprint in Lisbon, Portugal (Cláudia M. d. S. Cordovil, Vitória Gonçalves, Amarilis de Varennes, Allison M. Leach, James N. Galloway)....Pages 433-442 Front Matter ....Pages 425-425 The INI European Regional Nitrogen Centre: Concepts and Vision (Wilfried Winiwarter, Wim de Vries, Bruna Grizzetti, W. Kevin Hicks, Hans J. M. van Grinsven, Maren Voss)....Pages 445-455 The INI African Regional Nitrogen Centre: Challenges and Opportunities in Africa (Cargele Masso, Mateete Bekunda, Fredrick Mhina Mngube)....Pages 457-466 The INI South Asian Regional Nitrogen Centre: Capacity Building for Regional Nitrogen Assessment and Management (N. Raghuram, Y. P. Abrol, H. Pathak, T. K. Adhya, M. K. Tiwari)....Pages 467-479 The INI East Asia Regional Nitrogen Centre: Balancing Food Production and Environment—Nitrogen-Related Research and Management in East Asia (Xiaoyuan Yan, Chaopu Ti, Kentaro Hayashi)....Pages 481-487 The INI North American Regional Nitrogen Center: 2011–2015 Nitrogen Activities in North America (Jill S. Baron, Eric A. Davidson)....Pages 489-497 The Latin America Regional Nitrogen Centre: Concepts and Recent Activities (Jean P. Ometto, Nataly L. Ascarrunz, Amy T. Austin, Mercedes M. Bustamante, Gisleine Cunha-Zeri, Maria C. Forti et al.)....Pages 499-514 Front Matter ....Pages 493-493 Global Challenges for Nitrogen Science-Policy Interactions: Towards the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) and Improved Coordination Between Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements (Mark A. Sutton, Clare M. Howard, Will J. Brownlie, David R. Kanter, Wim de Vries, T. K. Adhya et al.)....Pages 517-560 Pre-informed Consumers on a Pre-adjusted Menu Had Smaller Nitrogen Footprints During the N2013 Conference, Kampala, Than Those on a Conventional Menu (Trust Tumwesigye, Giregon Olupot, Patrick Musinguzi, Adrian Leip, Mateete Bekunda, Mark A. Sutton)....Pages 561-582 The Kampala Statement-for-Action on Reactive Nitrogen in Africa and Globally (Mark A. Sutton, Peter Ebanyat, N. Raghuram, Mateete Bekunda, John S. Tenywa, Wilfried Winiwarter et al.)....Pages 583-593 Back Matter ....Pages 595-608 This volume provides a unique collection of contributions addressing both the 'too much' and 'too little' sides of the nitrogen story. Building on analyses started at the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, the book explores the idea of 'just enough nitrogen': sufficient for sustainable food production, but not so much as to lead to unsustainable pollution and climate problems. The range of nitrogen threats examined, solutions evaluated and science-policy analyses presented here has provided the foundation to agree the 'Kampala Statement-for-Action on Nitrogen in Africa and Globally, ' as reported in this volume. Humanity today faces unprecedented challenges: How to feed a growing population? How to reduce air pollution, water pollution and climate change? How to handle regional differences in an era of increasing globalization? These questions are at the heart of this edited volume which examines the multi-dimensional nature of the global nitrogen challenge. While humans have massively altered the nitrogen cycle, the consequences have become polarized. Some regions have too much nitrogen, associated with pollution and wasteful use of a valuable resource, while other regions have too little nitrogen, leading to constraints on food production and depletion of soil nutrient stocks. Together, the contributions in this book are now informing actions by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) in working with the United Nations Environment Programme and others to establish the International Nitrogen Management System (INMS). A key outcome has been to catalyse development of the first Resolution on Sustainable Nitrogen Management, as adopted by the fourth UN Environment Assembly (UNEA/EA. 4/Res. 14). The work is written for researchers and policy makers and all those interested in seeing how sustainable nitrogen management can contribute to meeting many of the UN Sustainable Development Goals