Junior Physics

Front Cover Units and Their Conversion Units and Their Conversion Title Page Contents 1 Introduction 1. Nature and Mankind 2. What Is Physics? 3. Body, Substance, Matter 4. Observations and Experiments 5. Physical Quantities. Measurement of PhysicalQuantities 6. Physics,Technology,Nature Elementary Knowledge of the Structureof Matter 7. The Structure of Matter 8. Molecules 9. Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and Solids 10. The Speed of Molecular Motion and the Body Temperature 11. Mutual Attraction and Repulsion of Molecules 12. Three States of Matter 13. The Difference in the Molecular Structure of Solids, Liquids and Gases Motion and Forces 14. Mechanical Motion 15. Uniform and Nonuniform Motions 16. The Speed of Uniform Motion. Units of Speed 17. Average Speed of Nonuniform Motion 18. Calculating the Path and the Time of Motion 19. Inertia 20. Inertia in Everyday Life and in Engineering 21. Interaction of Bodies 22. The Mass of a Body. Units of Mass 23. Defining the Mass of a Body by Balances 24. The Density of a Substance 25. Calculating the Mass and Volume of a Bodyfrom Its Density 26. Expressing the Density of a Substance in Terms of the Mass of a Molecule and the Number of Molecules in Unit Volume 27. The Force 28. The Gravitation. The Force of Gravity 29*. The Elastic Force. The Weight of a Body 30*. Units of Force. The Relation Between the Force of Gravity and the Mass of a Body 31. A Spring Balance 32. A Force Is a Vector Quantity 33. Addition of Two Forces Directed Along the Same Straight Line. The Resultant of Forces 34. The Friction Force 35. Static Friction 36. Friction in Nature and Engineering 37. Intermolecular Forces. The Wetting Phenomenon 38. Pressure. Units of Pressure 39. Pressure in Nature and Engineering 40. Gas Pressure Pressure of Fluids(Hydrostatics and Aerostatics) 41. Transmission of Pressure by Fluids. Pascal's Law 42. Free Surface of a Liquid 43. Pressure in Flu ids 44*. Calculating the Pressure of a Liquid on the Bottom and Walls of a Vessel 45. Communicating Vessels 46. The Weight of Air. Atmospheric Pressure 47. The Existence of an Air Envelope of the Earth 48*. Measuring the Atmospheric Pressure. Torricelli's Experiment 49. The Aneroid Barometer SO. Atmospheric Pressure at Various Altitudes 51. Manometers 52. Piston Pumps 53*. Hydraulic Press 54. How a Fluid Acts on a Body Immersed in lt 55*. Buoyancy. Archimedes' Principle 56. Flotation 57. Why Ships Keep Afloat 58. Aeronautics Work and Power. Energy 59. Mechanical Work. Units of Work 60. Power. Units of Power 61. Simple Mechanisms 62. A Lever. Equilibrium of Forces on a Lever 63. Levers in Engineering, in Nature and in Everyday Life 64. Application of the Lever Law to a Pulley 65. Equality of the Amounts of Work Done with the Use of Simple Mechanisms. The "Golden Rule" of Mechanics 66. The Efficiency of a Mechanism 67 . Energ y 68. Potential and Kinetic Energies 69*. Transformation of One Kind of Mechanical Energy into Another 2 Heat Phenomena Heat Transfer and Work 83. States of Aggregation of Matter 70. Thermal Motion 71. Internal Energy 72. Means of Changing the Internal Energy of a Body 73. Heat Conduction 74. Heat Convection 75. Convection in Nature and Engineering 76. Heat Radiation 77. Examples of Heat Transfer 78. Quantity of Heat. Units of the Quantity of Heat 79. Specific Heat Capacity 80. Calculating the Heat Required to Raise the Temperature of a Body and That Given Off by a Cooling Body 81*. Energy of Fuel. Heat of Fuel Combustion 82. The Law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy in Mechanical and Therma lProcesses Changes in the States of Aggregation of Matter 83. States of Aggregation of Matter 84*. Melting and Solidification of Crystalline Bodies 85. The Graph of Melting and Solidification of Crystalline Bodies 86. Melting and Solidification from the Point of View of Teaching on the Molecular Structure of Matter 87. Specific Heat of Melting 88. Energy Release in Solidification of a Substance 89. Evaporation and Condensation 90*. Absorption of Energy in Evaporation of Liquids and Its Release in Vapour Condensation 91. Boiling 92. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization and Condensation 93. How the Quantities of Heat Can Be Calculated Heat Engines 94. Work Done by the Expanding Gas or Steam 95. The Internal Combustion Engine 96. The Steam Turbine 97. The Efficiency of a Heat Engine 3 Electricity Structure of the Atom 98. Contact Electrization of Bodies. An Electric Charge 99. Two Kinds of Charges. Interaction of Charged Bodies 100. The Electroscope. Conductors and Nonconductors of Electricity 101. An Electric Field 102. Divisibility of an Electric Charge 103. loffe's and Millikan's Experiments. The Electron 104. Rutherford's Experiment. The Nuclear Model of an Atom 105. Atomic Structure 106. The Electrization of Bodies Explained Electric Current. Its Strength, Voltage, and Resistance 107. Electric Current 108. Sources of Electric Cu,.rent 109. An Electric Circuit and Its Components 110. Electric Current in Metals 111. Electric Current in an Electrolytic Solution 112. The Effects of Electric Current 113. The Direction of Electric Current 114. The Current. Units of Current 115. The Ammeter. Measuring the Current 116. The Voltage 117. Units of Voltage 118. The Voltmeter. Measuring the Voltage 119. The Relationship Between Current and Voltage 120. The Resistance of Conductors. Units of Resistance 121. Ohm's Law for a Part of a Circuit 122. Calculating the Resistance of a Conductor. Resistivity 123. Examples of Calculating the Resistances of Conductors, the Current, and the Voltage 124. Rheostats 125. Conductors Connected in Series 126. Conductors Connected in Parallel Electric Power and Work Done by Electric Current 127. Electric Power 128. Work Done by Electric Current 129. Heating of Conductors by Electric Current. Joule's and Lenz's Law 130. An Incandescent Lamp. Electrical Heating Devices 131. A Short Circuit. Safety Devices Electromagnetic Phenomena 132. A Magnetic Field 133. The Magnetic Field of a Direct Current. Lines of Magnetic Force 134. The Magnetic Field of a Coil with Current 135. Electromagnets and Their Application 136. Permanent Magnets. The Magnetic Field of Permanent Magnets 137. The Magnetic Field of the Earth 138. The Telephone 139. The Electric Motor 140. The Phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction. Electric Current Generator 141. Use of Electric Power in the USSR Laboratory VVork 1. Study of a Measuring Glass and Finding the Volume of Liquid with the Aid of a Measuring Glass 2. Finding the Dimensions of Small Bodies 3. Measuring the Mass of a Body on a Beam Balance 4. Finding the Volume of a Body 5. Finding the Density of a Solid 6. Calibrating a Spring and Measuring Forces by a Spring Balance 7. Measuring the Force of Sliding Friction and Comparing lt to the Weight of a Body 8. Determining the Buoyant Force Acting on a Body Immersed in a Fluid 9. The Conditions Necessary for Flotation of a Body in a Liquid 10. The Condition of Equilibrium of a Lever 11. Determining the Efficiency in the Case When a Body Is Lifted along an Inclined Plane 12. Comparing the Quantities of Heat in Mixing Some Quantities of Water at Different Ternperatures 13. Finding the Specific Heat of a Solid 14. Observing the Processes of Melting and Solidification of Crystalline Bodies 15. Setting Up an Electric Circuit and Measuring the Current in Its Various Parts 16. Measuring Voltage in Various Parts of a Circuit 17. Varying the Current by a Rheostat 18. Determining the Resistance of a Conductor by an Ammeter and a Voltmeter 19. Connecting Conductors in Series 20. Connecting Conductors in Parallel 21. Determining the Electric Power of an Electric Lamp 22. Determining the Efficiency of an Installation with an Electric Heater 23. Assembling an Electromagnet and Testing lt 24. Studying the Properties of a Magnet and Obtaining the Patterns of Magnetic Fields 25. Studying the Operation of a Direct-Current Electric Motor Answers to the Exercises Material for Supplementary Reading Brownian Movement Weight! essness The Force of Gravity on Other Planets A Hydrostatic Paradox. Pascal's Experiment Pressure at the Bottom of Seas and Oceans. Investigation of the Sea Depth Pneumatic Machines and Tools The Discgvery of Atmospheric Pressure A Legend About Archimedes The Energy of the Moving Water and Wind. Hydraulic and Wind Motors Use of the Solar Energy on the Earth Amorphous Bodies. Melting of Amorphous Bodies Metal Casting A Refrigerator Review Questions Initial Information on the Structure of Matter Motion and Forces The Pressure of Fluids Work and Power. Energy Thermal Phenomena Electricity Answers to the Review Questions Index Back Cover Units and Their Conversion