Jerusalem Talmud: Fourth Order: Tractates Sanhedrin, Makkot, and Horaiot: Neziqin

Again, I wish to thank my wife, Dr. Eva Guggenheimer, who acted as critic, style editor, proof reader, and expert on the Latin and Greek vocabulary. Her own notes on some possible Latin and Greek etymologies are identified by (E. G.).I sincerely thank the staff of the Jewish Division of the New York Public Library for providing me with a copy of the Genizah text of Tractate Makkot. INTRODUCTION TO SANHEDRIN AND MAKKOT emergency situations make it to the historical record. In addition, the Tractate institutes courts of three judges for civil matters. There one really considers two very different institutions: First, communal courts to adjudicate both matters of personal status and of civil disputes. These are considered only implicitly in the Tractate; their development is Babylonian, in particular from Gaonic Babylonia where each Jewish community had a court subject to the supervision of one of the great Yeshivot. We do not know the exact meaning of ordination and the title "Rebbi" expressing ordination in the 150 years between its introduction at Jabneh and the formulation of the Mishnah. But in Mishnaic and later Talmudic times, this title and the corresponding Babylonian title "Rav" designated a person competent to act as communal judge with powers of compelling attendance, in Palestine in matters of personal status and in Babylonia in all intra-communal matters 3 • While one may assume that these courts developed their own formal procedures, there is little evidence of their procedural law in any of the Talmudim. This makes it difficult for rabbinic courts to function in a modem world unless they develop their own written procedures as happened with the system of rabbinic courts in Israel. The other aspect, panels of arbitration, is more prominent and better developed, reflecting the actual situation in Mishnaic and Talmudic times, and is in continuous use since Talmudic times, amply documented in the Responsa literature.The first Chapter mainly determines the competence of each court, whether of 3, 23, or 71 members. Since one of the competences of a court of three members is fixing the calendar (Halakhah 2), and this competence essentially determined the status of the Patriarch in Mishnaic times, the prerogative of the Patriarch's court and his power of ordination, i. e., appointing judges, are detailed in Halakhah 2. The later Halakhot clearly are an attempt to project the Mishnaic theory into the situation of the First Commonwealth.The second Chapter discusses first the status of the High Priest as a consequence of the biblical restrictions imposed on him. This is followed by 3. Cf. Giffin 4:2 Note 17, the Introduction to Tractate Neziqin (pp. 4-5) and in the following, 3:10. II Num. 35:29. The chapter covers the rules of levitic cities, laws of property, and of the homicide, criminal law.12 Mishnah 4: I. Examination refers to cross-examination relating to questions which answer to "who", "when", and "where". Interrogation refers to answers (0

Volume 12 in the edition of the complete Jerusalem Talmud. Tractates Sanhedrin and Makkot belong together as one tractate, covering procedural law for panels of arbitration, communal rabbinic courts (in bare outline) and an elaborate construction of hypothetical criminal courts supposedly independent of the king’s administration. Tractate Horaiot, an elaboration of Lev. 4:1–26, defines the roles of High Priest, rabbinate, and prince in a Commonwealth strictly following biblical rules.

Frontmatter 1 Contents 7 Introduction to Tractates Sanhedrin and Makkot 13 Sanhedrin Chapter 1 21 Sanhedrin Chapter 2 86 Sanhedrin Chapter 3 120 Sanhedrin Chapter 4 160 Sanhedrin Chapter 5 181 Sanhedrin Chapter 6 201 Sanhedrin Chapter 7 229 Sanhedrin Chapter 8 296 Sanhedrin Chapter 9 318 Sanhedrin Chapter 10 340 Sanhedrin Chapter 11 403 Makkot Chapter 1 (Sanhedrin 12) 429 Makkot Chapter 2 (Sanhedrin 13) 449 Makkot Chapter 3 (Sanhedrin 14) 474 Introduction to Tractate Horaiot 485 Horaiot Chapter 1 487 Horaiot Chapter 2 526 Horaiot Chapter 3 550 Backmatter 619 Der Originaltext des Jerusalemer Talmuds wird hier auf der Grundlage der editio princeps und der existierenden Handschriften dargeboten. Der Text ist vollständig vokalisiert. Die Ausgabe bietet darüber hinaus die erste wissenschaftliche englische Übersetzung und einen Kommentar des Jerusalemer Talmuds. Alle Fachausdrücke und Syllogismen werden erläutert. Auf diese Weise wird die Ausgabe nach Fertigstellung all ihrer Einzelbände eine unverzichtbare Grundlage zur Erschließung der rabbinischen Tradition sein. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg hat Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich (1921-2007) herausragende israelische Gelehrte in englisch- und deutschsprachigen Veroeffentlichungen in Europa und Nordamerika bekannt gemacht. Die zu diesem Zweck von ihm begrundete Reihe Studia Judaica bietet heute ein Forum fur wissenschaftliche Studien und Editionen aus allen Epochen der judischen Religionsgeschichte. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg hat Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich (1921–2007) herausragende israelische Gelehrte in englisch- und deutschsprachigen Veröffentlichungen in Europa und Nordamerika bekannt gemacht. Die zu diesem Zweck von ihm begründete Reihe Studia Judaica bietet heute ein Forum für wissenschaftliche Studien und Editionen aus allen Epochen der jüdischen Religionsgeschichte.