Jerusalem

First published in 1981, Jerusalem provides an overview of the history of Jerusalem and its crucial linkage with the peace and stability in the Middle East. Jerusalem is unique amongst all the cities of the world because of its association with three great religions. It is the spiritual and religious heritage to one half of humanity and is holy for millions of Christians, Jews, and Muslims. All three religion have a vital interest in preserving in addition to their Holy places and sanctuaries, the living presence of the adherents to their faith in the Holy City. When the Zionist movement was formed at the end of the last century, the idea of a Jewish State was conceived as an answer to anti-semitism, and the movement initially considered other countries for settlement because Jerusalem was seen as a spiritual rather than a secular home to the Jewish people. Yet since the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, Zionism has claimed Jerusalem as its own. It is obvious that neither the Palestinians, not the Arabs, nor Islam and Christianity will acquiesce in Israeli domination. This book argues that the continuation of Zionism in its present form is likely to prove perilous to peace and stability in the region. This book is an important historical read for students and scholars of Middle East studies and Middle East history. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 4 Copyright 5 Original Title 6 Original Copyright 7 Contents 10 List of Appendices 10 1. The Problem of Jerusalem 14 2. Jerusalem from Early Times until 1917 22 3. British Occupation and Mandate, 1917-1948 36 4. The Battle for Jerusalem, 1948 46 5. Jerusalem between 1948 and 1967 58 6. Israel’s Capture of the Old City, 1967, and its Aftermath 72 7. The Massive Colonization of Jerusalem and its Surroundings 84 8. The Judaization of Jerusalem: Its Significance and Perils 96 9. International Legal Status of Jerusalem 106 10. Nullity of Israel’s Actions in Jerusalem 124 11. Whether Resolution 242 or Partition Offers a Satisfactory Solution 132 12. Obstacles to a Solution 140 13. Conservatory Measures Pending Final Settlement 146 Appendices 158 I Chronology of Jerusalem 160 II Christian Holy Places and religious shrines in Jerusalem and its vicinity 162 III Moslem Holy Places and religious shrines in Jerusalem and its vicinity 162 IV Jewish Holy Places and religious shrines in Jerusalem and its vicinity 162 V Municipal map of Jerusalem showing Arab and Jewish quarters in 1948 163 VI Schedule of Arab and Jewish land ownership in Jerusalem in 1948 164 VII Excerpts from General Assembly resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 concerning the future government of Palestine and the internationalization of Jerusalem 165 IX Resolution 194 (III) of the General Assembly dated 11 December 1948 concerning the Conciliation Commission, the international régime of Jerusalem and the return of refugees 175 IX Resolution 194 (III) of the General Assembly dated 11 December 1948 concerning the Conciliation Commission, the international régime of Jerusalem and the return of refugees 176 X Resolution 273 (III) of the General Assembly dated 11 May 1949 concerning the admission of Israel to UN membership 180 XI Resolution 303 (IV) of the General Assembly dated 9 December 1949 concerning the international regime for Jerusalem 181 XII Resolution 2253 (ES-V) of the General Assembly dated 4 July 1967 concerning measures taken by Israel to change the status of Jerusalem 183 XIII Resolution 2254 (ES-V) of the General Assembly dated 14 July 1967 concerning measures taken by Israel to change the status of Jerusalem 184 XIV Resolution 242 of the Security Council dated 22 November 1967 concerning withdrawal of Israeli armed forces and termination of belligerency 185 XV Resolution 252 of the Security Council dated 21 May 1968 concerning measures taken by Israel to change the legal status of Jerusalem 187 XVI Resolution 267 of the Security Council dated 3 July 1969 concerning measures taken by Israel to change the status of Jerusalem 188 XVII Resolution 271 of the Security Council dated 15 September 1969 concerning arson at Al-Aqsa Mosque and measures taken by Israel to change the status of Jerusalem 190 XVIII Resolution 298 of the Security Council dated 25 September 1971 concerning measures taken by Israel to change the status of Jerusalem 192 IX Resolution 194 (III) of the General Assembly dated 11 December 1948 concerning the Conciliation Commission, the international régime of Jerusalem and the return of refugees 194 XIX Excerpts from resolution 2851 (XXVI) of the General Assembly dated 20 December 1971 concerning violations by Israel of human rights in the occupied territories 194 XX Excerpts from resolution of the Commission on Human Rights of the Economic and Social Council of the UN dated 11 February 1974 condemning Israel's policy of annexation and transfer of population in the occupied territories, including Jerusalem 195 XXI Excerpts from resolution of the Commission on Human Rights of the Economic and Social Council of the UN dated 21 February 1975 condemning Israel's violations of human rights in the occupied territories and censuring Israel's acts in Jerusalem 196 XXII Excerpts from resolutions 31/106 A and C adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 1976 concerning the occupied territories, including Jerusalem 197 XXIII Excerpts from resolution 1 (XXXIII) A adopted by the Commission on Human Rights on 15 February 1977 regarding violations of human rights in the occupied territories, including Jerusalem 199 XXIV Excerpts from resolution 32/5 adopted by the General Assembly on 28 October 1977 regarding illegal Israeli measures designed to change the legal status, geographical nature and demographic composition of the occupied territories, including Jerusalem 200 XXV Excerpts from resolutions 32/91 A and C adopted by the General Assembly on 13 December 1977 reaffirming the applicability of the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 to, and condemning Israeli policies and practices in, the occupied territories, including Jerusalem 201 XXVI Excerpts from resolution of the General Conference of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) of 28 November 1978 condemning the judaization by Israel of the historic and cultural configuration of Jerusalem 202 XXVII Excerpts from resolutions 33/113 A, B and C of the General Assembly of 18 December 1978 reaffirming the nullity of the measures taken by Israel in Jerusalem 204 XXVIII Excerpts from resolution 1 (XXXV) of the Commission on Human Rights of the Economic and Social Council of the UN dated 21 February 1979 condemning Israel’s violations of human rights in the occupied territories and reaffirming the applicability of the Geneva Convention to such territories, including Jerusalem 206 XXIX Resolution 446 of the Security Council dated 22 March 1979 calling upon Israel to rescind measures taken to change the legal status, geographical nature and demographic composition of Arab territories, including Jerusalem 207 XXX Resolution 452 of the Security Council dated 20 July 1979 calling upon Israel to cease the establishment of settlements in occupied territories, including Jerusalem 209 XXXI Excerpts from resolution 34/70 of the General Assembly of 6 December 1979 declaring that a just and lasting settlement must be based on attainment by the Palestinian people of its inalienable rights and Israeli withdrawal from all occupied territories, including Jerusalem 211 XXXII Excerpts from resolutions 1 A and B (XXXVI) of the Commission on Human Rights of the Economic and Social Council of the UN dated 13 February 1980 on the violations of human rights in the occupied territories, including Jerusalem 213 XXXIII Resolution 465 of the Security Council dated 1 March 1980 calling upon Israel to cease the establishment of settlements and to dismantle existing settlements in occupied territories, including Jerusalem 216 XXXIV Resolution 476 (1980) of the Security Council adopted on 30 June 1980 reconfirming that all legislative and administrative measures taken by Israel which purport to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem have no legal validity 219 XXXV Resolution ES/72 (1980) adopted by the General Assembly on 29 July 1980 requiring Israel to withdraw from all territories occupied in 1967, including Jerusalem 221 XXXVI Resolution 478 adopted by the Security Council on 20 August 1980 which censured the enactment by Israel of a basic law proclaiming a change in the character and status of Jerusalem and declared it null and void 224 Postscript 226 Index 230 The,Problem,of,Jerusalem;,British,Occupation,and,Mandate;,The,Battle,for,Jerusalem;,International,Legal,Status,of,Jerusalem;,Obstacles,to,a,Solution The Problem of Jerusalem,British Occupation and Mandate,The Battle for Jerusalem,International Legal Status of Jerusalem,Obstacles to a Solution