Jeju Island Geopark A Volcanic Wonder of Korea Geoparks of the World

This book will deal with geological as well as cultural, historical, archaeological and biological aspects in Jeju Global Geopark. It will start with introduction of Jeju Global Geopark, geographic setting, habitats, history, economy and tourism, management, general geology and geosites, future geosites, other significant heritage sites, economically sustainable tourism, education and promotion and management plan. Contents 6 Chapter-1 9 Introduction 9 Chapter-2 11 Geographic Setting 11 2.1 Climate 11 2.2 Natural landscapes 13 Chapter-3 15 Habitats 15 3.1 Terrestrial ecosystems 15 3.2 Marine life 15 Chapter-4 17 History 17 4.1 Prehistory 17 4.2 Tamna State 17 4.3 Goryeo Dynasty 17 4.4 Joseon Dynasty 17 4.5 Modern and Present Age 18 Chapter-5 20 Geology of Jeju Island 20 Chapter-6 22 Geosites 22 6.1 Mt. Hallasan Geosite Cluster 22 6.1.1 Geoheritage 22 6.1.2 Cultural Heritage 22 6.1.2.1 Grazing Fields of Jeju Horses 22 6.1.2.2 Jonjaam Site (Jeju Province Monument No. 43) 23 6.1.2.3 Sejonsari Pagoda (Jeju Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 17) 24 6.1.2.4 Seated Wooden Gwaneumbosal Statue in Gwaneumsa Temple (Jeju Province Monument No. 16) 24 6.1.3 Historical Heritage: Eoseungsaengak Japanese Military Caves in World War II (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 307) 24 6.1.4 Biological Heritage 25 6.1.4.1 Natural habitats of Cherry trees (Prunus yedoensis) at Bongae-dong (Natural Monument No. 159) 25 6.1.4.2 Natural habitats of Cherry trees (Prunus yedoensis) at Gwaneumsa Temple (Jeju Province Monument No. 51) 26 6.1.5 Legends 26 6.1.5.1 Baengnokdam crater lake 26 6.1.5.2 The 500 Generals in Yeongsil 26 6.1.5.3 Aheunahopgol (Ninety Nine Valleys) 27 6.2 Seongsan Ilchulbong Tuff Cone Geosite 27 6.2.1 Geoheritage 27 6.2.2 Historical Heritage 29 6.2.2.1 Remains of Susan Jinseong (Jeju Province Monument No. 62) 29 6.2.2.2 Japanese Military Caves (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 311) 30 6.2.3 Biological Heritage 30 6.2.3.1 Siksanbong (Jeju Province Monument No. 62) 30 6.2.3.2 Tidal Flats on Shiheung-ri and Jongdal-ri coasts 30 6.2.4 Legend of Deunggyeongdol 31 6.3 Manjang Cave (lava tube cave) Geosite 31 6.3.1 Geoheritage 31 6.3.2 Historical Heritage: Remains of Hwanhae Great Wall in Haengwon and Handong (Jeju Province Monument No. 49-7 and 49-8) 32 6.3.3 Biological Heritage: Bijarim (Natural Monument No. 374) 33 6.3.4 Legend of Gimnyeongsagul (Gimnyeong Snake Cave) 33 6.4 Seogwipo Formation and Cheonjiyeon Waterfall geosites 34 6.4.1 Geoheritage 34 6.4.2 Biological Heritage 36 6.4.2.1 Anguilla marmorata (Natural Monument No. 27) 36 6.4.2.2 Warm-Temperate Forests near Cheonjiyeon Waterfall (Natural Monument No. 379) 38 6.4.2.3 Munseom and Beomseom Nature Reserve (Natural Monument No. 421) 38 6.4.3 Historical Heritage: Sammaebong Japanese Military Caves 38 6.4.4 Legends 38 6.4.4.1 Dragon of Cheonjiyeon Waterfall 38 6.4.4.2 Jeongbang Waterfall 39 6.4.4.3 Oedolgae 39 6.4.4.4 Beomseom (Tiger Island) 39 6.5 Jisagae Columnar-Jointed Lava Geosite 39 6.5.1 Geoheritage 39 6.5.2 Cultural Heritage 39 6.5.2.1 Nonjitmul, a Coastal Springwater 39 6.5.2.2 Irrigation Canal (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 156) 40 6.5.3 Historical Heritage: Daepoyeondae (Jeju Province Monument No. 23-12) 41 6.5.4 Biological Heritage: Warm-temperate Forests near Cheonjeyeon Waterfalls (Natural Monument No. 378) 41 6.6 Sanbangsan Geosite 42 6.6.1 Geoheritage 42 6.6.1.1 Sanbangsan Lava Dome 42 6.6.1.2 Yongmeori Tuff Ring 42 6.6.2 Cultural Heritage 44 6.6.2.1 Sanbanggulsa (Sanbang Cave Temple) 44 6.6.2.2 Daejeong Hyanggyo (Jeju Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 4) 45 6.6.3 Historical Heritage 46 6.6.3.1 Remains of Daejeong Castle (Jeju Province Monument No. 12) 46 6.6.3.2 Hamel Monument 47 6.6.3.3 Chusa Exile Site (Historical Remains No. 487) 47 6.6.3.4 Japanese Military Caves on the coast of Songaksan (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 313) 48 6.6.3.5 Japanese Military Caves in the outer rim of Songaksan (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 317) 48 6.6.3.6 Underground Bunker at the Alteureu Airfield (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 312) 48 6.6.4 Legend 48 6.6.4.1 Sanbangsan 48 6.6.4.2 Sanbanggulsa 49 6.6.4.3 Yongmeori (Dragon Head) 49 6.6.4.4 Hyeongjeseom (Brother Islet) 49 6.7 Suweolbong Geosite 49 6.7.1 Geoheritage 49 6.7.2 Cultural Heritage: Shindo-ri Doyoji (Jeju Province Monument No. 58-4) 53 6.7.3 Archeological and Historical Heritages 53 6.7.3.1 Prehistoric Remains in Gosan-ri (Historical Remains No. 412) 53 6.7.3.2 Jeolbuam (Jeju Province Monument No. 9) 54 6.7.3.3 Japanese Military Advance Base at Suweolbong 54 6.7.3.4 Japanese Military Suicide Squad Position at Suweolbong 55 6.7.4 Legend of Suweolbong (Nokgomoru) 55 6.8 Other Cutural Heritages 55 6.8.1 Dolhareubang 55 6.8.2 Doldam (Stone Walls) 55 6.8.3 Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut (UNESCO Important Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 71) 56 6.8.4 Haenyo 56 6.8.5 Bangsatap (Stone Towers) (Jeju Province Folklore Material No. 8) 56 6.8.6 Samseonghyeol (Historical Remains No. 134) 57 6.8.7 Prehistoric Remains in Samyang-dong (Historical site No. 416) 57 6.8.8 Jejumok Government Office Buildings (Historical Remains No. 380) 57 Chapter-7 58 Future Geosites 58 7.1 Dangsanbong Tuff Cone 58 7.2 Chagui Island 58 7.3 Biyang Island 58 7.4 Sangumburi Crater 59 7.5 Geomunoreum Scoria Cone 59 7.6 Dusanbong Tuff Cone 61 7.7 Udo Tuff Cone (Someorioreum) 61 7.8 Oedolgae 64 7.9 Songaksan Tuff Ring 65 7.10 Dansan Tuff Ring/Cone 66 7.11 Seopjikoji 67 Chapter-8 68 Geotourism 68 8.1 Education Facilities 68 8.1.1 Visitor Centers and Visitor Points 68 8.1.1.1 Mt. Hallasan National Park Visitor Center 70 8.1.1.2 Folklore and Natural History Museum 70 8.1.1.3 Jeju Stone Culture Park 71 8.1.1.4 World Heritage Center 72 8.2 Educational Tourism 72 Chapter-9 76 Economy and Development of Sustainable Tourism 76 9.1 Economy 76 9.2 Sustainable Development 77 9.2.1 History of Tourism on Jeju Island 77 9.2.2 Development of Sustainable Tourism 77 9.3 Socioeconomic Development 78 9.3.1 Jeju Tourism Organization and Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Tourism Association 78 9.3.2 Geomunoreum Trail Run by Local Residents 78 9.3.3 Partnership 78 9.3.3.1 Olle Walking Track System 78 9.3.3.2 ‘Gal-jeung-I’: Local Handicraft Company 80 9.3.3.3 Green Cruise 80 Chapter-10 81 Management Plan 81 10.1 Purpose of the Management Plan 81 10.2 Legal Basis for Protection and Management 81 10.2.1 Legal Basis for Protection 81 10.2.1.1 Natural Monument 82 10.2.1.2 National and County Parks 82 10.2.1.3 Natural Reserve 83 10.2.2 Legal Basis for Management 83 10.3 Management Structure 83 10.4 Potential Pressures on the Geosites 84 10.4.1 Natural Processes 84 10.4.1.1 Climate Change 84 10.4.1.2 Urbanization and Infrastructure Development 84 10.4.1.3 Quarrying 85 10.4.1.4 Groundwater Extraction 85 10.4.1.5 Agriculture and Forestry 85 10.4.1.6 Pollution 85 10.4.1.7 Visitor Use 85 10.5 Current Management Practices and Facilities 85 10.6 Future Action Plans 85 10.6.1 Developing Visitor Centers 86 10.6.2 Promotion of Geopark and Geosites 86 10.6.3 Promoting Education 86 10.6.4 Developing Partnerships 86 10.6.5 Involvement of the Community and Non-Government Organizations 87 10.6.6 Code of Ethics for Visitors and Researchers 87 10.6.7 Training of Managers and Guides 87 10.6.8 Promoting Research 87 10.7 Monitoring Indicators and Monitoring Plan 87 References 93 Front Matter....Pages i-vii Introduction....Pages 1-2 Geographic Setting....Pages 3-6 Habitats....Pages 7-8 History....Pages 9-11 Geology of Jeju Island....Pages 13-14 Geosites....Pages 15-50 Future Geosites....Pages 51-60 Geotourism....Pages 61-68 Economy and Development of Sustainable Tourism....Pages 69-73 Management Plan....Pages 75-86 Back Matter....Pages 87-88