Japan's Empire of Birds: Aristocrats, Anglo-Americans, and Transwar Ornithology (SOAS Studies in Modern and Contemporary Japan)

third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. Japan, the United States, Germany, and Great Britain aided in this book's completion. Much of this project began fortuitously and percolated through anecdotes, slowly unfolding in a fascinating American expat's journey, which inspired me to investigate the Japanese scientists surrounding him. In 2008, I first discovered the ornithologist and Allied Occupation official Oliver L. Austin Jr. through colorful stories by his granddaughter Valerie Austin. I thank her father Tony, now deceased, and the immediate Austin family, for generously sharing memories of Austin and his Japan sojourn. Exchanges with Timmy Austin painted a certain portrait of his father, while his older brother Tony expressed another opinion. In November 2013, Tony recounted a full oral history of his late 1940s Tokyo boyhood, conversational English lessons with Crown Prince Akihito, and Austin's role in postwar Japan. This led to donation of his father's collection of nearly 1,000 color slides of postwar Japan to Florida State University's (FSU) archives, now known as the Oliver L. Austin Photographic Collection, which myself and a team of students in the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program digitized and archived online. 1 Dr. Yoshi Nakada, Tony's next-door neighbor and childhood friend from Tokyo into his US career as a Bell Labs physicist and inventor, became a frequent correspondent and valuable information source in unpacking the lives and struggles of Japan's transwar ornithologists. He exemplifies how strongly international relations and national pride form integral aspects of Japanese scientists' narratives. I also thank Professor Satô Yoichi, urban historian at Waseda University, for sharing founts of knowledge on postwar Tokyo's reconstruction during FSU visits in 2016 and late 2018, and during my summer 2018 Tokyo trip, when he introduced me to architectural engineer Yoneno Masahito and building maintenance engineer Komoto Takao at Tokyo Little House. Both Yoneno and Komoto compose a team of Japanese researchers, including Dr. Nakada, who scout exact locations (and names) for the Austin Collection's images to plot them on Google Maps. Along with Dr. Nakada, they continue to enlighten me about immediate postwar Japan as they share rare photographs, films, and music in our Facebook working group. I am grateful to historian Barak Kushner for inviting me to lecture at the University of Cambridge in October 2014, which also permitted access to the university's library. Japanese Studies Librarian Koyama Noboru kindly shared Japanese aristocrats' personal characteristics and histories, and steered me toward resources on Hachisuka Masauji. Claire Welford-Elkin of the Rare Books Department discovered matriculation records (or lack thereof) and other documents pertaining to Cambridge's Japanese alumni. Cover Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction: Birds of a Feather Flock Together: Japanese Aristocrats and the Cosmopolitan Science of Empire 1 The Practice of Ornithology: Birds, Hunting, and Social Class in Prewar Japan and the Anglo-American World 2 Western Villas in Aristocratic Hands: Spaces of Imperial Mimesis and Informal Scientific Exchange 3 Cambridge, UK (1925–9)— From “Scandalous Marquis” to Explorer-Scientist: Japanese in Western Imperial Settings 4 The Philippines (1929–31)—A Japanese Ornithologist Encounters the American Empire 5 Manchukuo and the Japanese Empire (1932–40)— Deploying Avian Imperialism in the Media, Military, and Scientific Expeditions 6 Wartime Tokyo and Defeat (1937–45)— Mobilizing Imperial Japan’s Ornithologists and Birds for War 7 Tokyo under the Allied Occupation (1945–52)— Yankees with a Mission amongst Threadbare Aristocrats 8 Tokyo and the United States (1940s–70s)— Cold War Ornithological Collaborations between Japanese and American Scientists Conclusion: Tokyo and Cambridge, UK (1960–Present), Fledging Global Conservation Policies Notes Works Cited Index "As a transnational history of science, Japan's Empire of Birds: Aristocrats, Anglo-Americans, and Transwar Ornithology focuses on the political aspects of highly mobile Japanese explorer-scientists, or cosmopolitan gentlemen of science, circulating between Japanese and British/American spaces in the transwar period from the 1920s to 1950s. Annika A. Culver examines a network of zoologists united by their practice of ornithology and aristocratic status. She goes on to explore issues of masculinity and race related to this amidst the backdrop of imperial Japan's interwar period of peaceful internationalism, the rise of fascism, the Japanese takeover of Manchuria, and war in China and the Pacific. Culver concludes by investigating how these scientists repurposed their aims during Japan's Allied Occupation and the Cold War. Inspired by geographer Doreen Massey, themes covered in the volume include social space and place in these specific locations and how identities transform to garner social capital and scientific credibility in transnational associations and travel for non-white scientists." -- Provided by publisher