IUTAM Symposium on Physics and Mechanics of Sea Ice: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held at Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 3-9 June 2019 (IUTAM Bookseries, 39)

This book presents the results of the IUTAM Symposium on Physics and Mechanics of Sea Ice which brought together researchers who have made significant contributions in the study of sea ice. The topics include: Fracture of ice, Thermodynamics of sea ice ridges, Global and local ice loads on ships and marine structures, Computational ice engineering and ice mechanics; and Physical and engineering problems related to ice and waves. Preface Contents Part I Ice Mechanics and Ice Fracture 1 Mechanisms of Cyclic Strengthening and Recovery of Polycrystalline Ice 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principal Observations of Strengthening and Weakening 1.3 Physical Mechanisms 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Strength of Ice in Brittle Regime—Multiscale Modelling Approach 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Continuum Model—Crack Weakened Solids 2.3 Sliding Wing-Crack Model 2.4 Model Formulation 2.4.1 Nucleation of the Primary Crack 2.4.2 Sliding Condition 2.4.3 Growth and Interaction of Cracks 2.5 The Opening of Cracks 2.6 Numerical Verification 2.6.1 Implementation 2.6.2 FE-Model 2.6.3 Granular Ice—Compression and Tension 2.6.4 Columnar Ice—Biaxial Compression Across and Along the Columns 2.7 Discussion References 3 Source Location and Dataset Incompleteness in Acoustic Emissions from Ice Tank Tests on Ice-Rubble-Ice Friction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experimental Set-Up 3.3 AE Datasets and Noise Filtering 3.4 AE Source Location 3.5 Statistical Analysis of Short Term Aftershock Incompleteness (STAI) 3.6 Conclusions References 4 The Influence of Ice Rubble on Sea Ice Friction: Experimental Evidence on the Centimetre and Metre Scales 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Centimetre-Scale Laboratory Experiments 4.2.1 Laboratory Results 4.3 Ice Basin Experiments 4.3.1 Ice Basin Results 4.4 Field Experiments 4.4.1 Field Results 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Time-Dependent Friction 4.5.2 Velocity-Dependent Friction 4.5.3 Suggestions for Further Work 4.5.4 Implications for Understanding Sea Ice Dynamics 4.6 Conclusions References 5 Ice Fracture 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Multi-Scale Ice Fractures 5.3 Arctic Marine Structural Design 5.3.1 Splitting Failure Mode by the Strength Theory 5.3.2 Splitting Failure Mode by Fracture Mechanics 5.3.3 Bending Failure Mode 5.3.4 Ice Fracture Simulation: The Hybrid and Analytical Approaches 5.4 Arctic Marine Operations 5.4.1 Parallel Channels’ Fracture Simulations 5.4.2 Ice Management (IM) Efficiency 5.5 Size Effect in Ice Fracture 5.6 Field Experiments 5.6.1 Motivation 5.6.2 Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) Size 5.6.3 Size, Loading Rate and Orientations 5.7 Conclusions References Part II Ice Loads 6 Ice Action on Ship Hull: What Do We Know and What Do We Miss? 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Description of Ice Action Based on Observations 6.3 Theoretical Ice Action Studies 6.4 Measurement of Ice Action 6.5 Summary References 7 Ice Interaction with Floating Structures 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Observation of Ice-Hull Interactions 7.2.1 Ice Action Considerations 7.2.2 Characteristics of Floe Ice Interacting with Floating Structures 7.3 Field Fracture Tests 7.3.1 Fracture Properties of Sea Ice 7.3.2 Crack Kinking 7.3.3 Ice Ridge Splitting Test 7.4 Simulation Examples—A Case Study 7.4.1 The Grounded Trawler Northguider 7.4.2 Results of the Drift Ice Action 7.5 Conclusions References Part III Waves and Ice 8 Modeling and Observations of Wave Energy Attenuation in Fields of Colliding Ice Floes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Coupled Sea Ice–Wave Model 8.2.1 Basic Assumptions 8.2.2 The DEM Sea Ice Model 8.2.3 Wave Attenuation Model 8.3 Wave-Induced Collisions of Finite-Size Floes 8.4 Theoretical Analysis of Attenuation in Compact Sea Ice 8.5 Laboratory Case Study of Wave Attenuation in Fragmented Ice 8.6 Conclusions and Discussion 8.6.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Wave Attenuation Data 8.6.2 Perspective: The Role of Scattered Modes in Modifying Ice–Water Drag and Wave-Induced Force References 9 Wave-Ice Interaction Models and Experimental Observations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Marginal Ice Zone and the Wave Model 9.3 Ice Effects on Waves 9.4 Wave Effects on Ice Covers 9.5 Conclusions References Part IV Thermodynamics 10 Thermo-Hydrodynamics of Sea Ice Rubble 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Field Investigations of Ice Rubble 10.2.1 Morphology and Structure of Drifting Ice Rubble 10.2.2 Physical Properties of Ice Rubble 10.2.3 Permeability of Ice Rubble 10.2.4 Ocean Heat Flux 10.3 Mathematical Modeling of Ice Rubble Consolidation 10.4 Discussion and Conclusions References Part V Computational Ice Mechanics 11 Ridge Load on the Monopile—A Comparison Between FEM-CEL–Simulations and ISO 19906 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Punch Shear Tests 11.3 Material Model for Ice Rubble 11.4 Numerical Model for Monopile Interaction with Ridge Keel 11.5 Analyses 11.6 Conclusions References 12 Safer Operations in Changing Ice-Covered Seas: Approaches and Perspectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods 12.3 Simulated Environmental Parameters 12.4 Loads on Off-Shore Structures 12.5 Future Changes in the Ocean and Sea Ice 12.6 Risks and Loads in the Future Projections 12.7 Discussion 12.8 Summary References 13 Impact of Granular Behaviour of Fragmented Sea Ice on Marginal Ice Zone Dynamics 13.1 Motivation 13.2 Marginal Ice Zone Rheology 13.3 Methods 13.4 Results 13.5 Discussion 13.6 Summary References 14 Physics-Based Modelling of Ice Actions and Action Effects on Marine Structures 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Physical Processes in Ship and Level Ice Interactions 14.3 Description of SAMS 14.4 Case Study 14.5 Results and Discussions 14.5.1 Ice Resistance Components 14.5.2 Physical Processes Behind the Speed Effect 14.5.3 Ventilation Effect 14.5.4 Rubble Sliding 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Statistics of Ice Loads on Inclined Marine Structures Based on Numerical Experiments 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Methods 15.2.1 Simulations 15.2.2 Statistical Tools 15.2.3 Limit Mechanisms 15.3 Results 15.3.1 Maximum Peak Load Observations 15.3.2 Maximum Peak Load Distributions 15.3.3 Evolution of the Process 15.4 Discussion 15.4.1 Sources of Stochasticity 15.4.2 Scatter and Error 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Numerical Study of Oil Spill Behavior Under Ice Cover 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Description 16.3 Results 16.3.1 Oil Diffusion Model in Open Water 16.3.2 Oil Diffusion Model Under Full Ice Cover 16.3.3 Oil Diffusion Model Under Partial Ice Cover 16.4 Spilled Oil Behavior in the East Siberian Sea 16.5 Conclusions References