Isotope Effects In Chemistry and Biology

The field of isotope effects has expanded exponentially in the last decade, and researchers are finding isotopes increasingly useful in their studies. Bringing literature on the subject up to date, Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology covers current principles, methods, and a broad range of applications of isotope effects in the physical, biological, and environmental sciences. The authors first explain how kinetic, equilibrium, and anharmonic isotope effects are used to measure the ratio of reaction rates, the ratio between isotopes in thermodynamic equilibrium, and the geometric changes between molecules. The volume describes basic theories, including gas phase, simple condensed phase, small molecule studies, and applications of the Bigeleisen-Mayer theory before covering how isotopes affect molecular geometries, chemical bond breaking, formation and chemical dynamics, and hydrogen transfer. It explores novel, mass-independent isotope effects and problems encountered in hydrogen transfer, tunneling, and exchange. Authors also discuss isotope effects in organic and organometallic reactions and complex enzyme reactions and a unique chapter explores water isotope effects under pressure. Written by internationally recognized researchers from 13 countries, some chapters summarize the perspective of a well-established subject while others review recent findings and on-going research that occasionally present controversial viewpoints using clear scientific arguments and discussion presented by all relevant authors. Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology brings together a wide scope of different perspectives and practical developments and applications into a comprehensive reference of isotope effects that reflect the most current state of the art. Publisher's note In The Decade Since The Last Comprehensive Book On Isotope Effects Was Published, The Field Has Expanded Exponentially, And More And More Researchers Are Using Isotopes In Their Studies. Helping Readers Keep Up With This Trend, This Book Covers Current Principles, Methods, And A Broad Range Of Applications Of Isotope Effects In The Physical, Biological, And Environmental Sciences. The Volume Starts With Fundamentals Such As Basic Theory (applications Of The Bigeleisen-mayer Theory), Gas Phase, Simple Condensed Phase, And Small Molecule Studies. It Examines Isotope Effects In Chemical Dynamics, Hydrogen Isotope Effects In Organic Reactions, And Atmospheric, Geologic, And Extraterrestrial Studies. Theoretical Basis Of Isotope Effects From An Autobiographical Perspective / Jacob Bigeleisen -- Enrichment Of Isotopes / Takanobu Ishida And Yasuhiko Fujii -- Comments On Selected Topics In Isotope Theoretical Chemistry / Max Wolfsberg -- Condensed Matter Isotope Effects / W. Alexander Van Hook -- Anharmonicities, Isotopes, And Ir And Nmr Properties Of Hydrogen-bonded Complexes / Janet E. Del Bene -- Isotope Effects On Hydrogen-bond Symmetrization In Ice And Strong Acids At High Pressure / Katsutoshi Aoki -- Hydrogen Bond Isotope Effects Studied By Nmr / Hans-heinrich Limbach, Gleb S. Denisov, And Nikolai S. Golubev -- Isotope Effects And Symmetry Of Hydrogen Bonds In Solution: Single- And Double-well Potential / Jonathan S. Lau And Charles L. Perrin -- Nmr Studies Of Isotope Effects Of Compounds With Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds / Poul Erik Hansen -- Vibrational Isotope Effects In Hydrogen Bonds / Zofia Mielke And Lucjan Sobczyk --^ Isotope Selective Infrared Spectroscopy And Intramolecular Dynamics / Michael Hippler And Martin Quack -- Nonmass-dependent Isotope Effects / Ralph E. Weston, Jr. -- Isotope Effects In The Atmosphere / Etienne Roth, Rene Letolle, C.m. Stevens, And François Robert -- Isotope Effects For Exotic Nuclei / Olle Matsson -- Muonium -- An Ultra-light Isotope Of Hydrogen / Emil Roduner -- The Kinetic Isotope Effect In The Photo-dissociation Reaction Of Excited-state Acids In Aqueous Solutions / Ehud Pines -- The Role Of An Internal-return Mechanism On Measured Isotope Effects / Heinz F. Koch -- Vibrationally Enhanced Tunneling And Kinetic Isotope Effects In Enzymatic Reactions / Steven D. Schwartz -- Kinetic Isotope Effects For Proton-coupled Electron Transfer Reactions / Sharon Hammes-schiffer -- Kinetic Isotope Effects In Multiple Proton Transfer / Zorka Smedarchina, Willem Siebrand, And Antonio Ferndndez-ramos --^ Interpretation Of Primary Kinetic Isotope Effects For Adiabatic And Nonadiabatic Proton-transfer Reactions In A Polar Environment / Philip M. Kiefer And James T. Hynes -- Variational Transition-state Theory And Multidimensional Tunneling For Simple And Complex Reactions In The Gas Phase, Solids, Liquids, And Enzymes / Donald G. Truhlar -- Computer Simulations Of Isotope Effects In Enzyme Catalysis / Arieh Warshel, Mats H.m. Olsson, And Jordi Villa-freixa -- Oxygen-18 Isotope Effects As A Probe Of Enzymatic Activation Of Molecular Oxygen / Justine P. Roth And Judith P. Klinman -- Solution And Computational Studies Of Kinetic Isotope Effects In Flavoprotein And Quinoprotein Catalyzed Substrate Oxidations As Probes Of Enzymic Hydrogen Tunneling And Mechanism / Jaswir Basran, Laura Masgrau, Michael J. Sutcliffe, And Nigel S. Scrutton -- Proton Transfer And Proton Conductivity In Condensed Matter Environment / Alexander M. Kuznetsov And Jens Ulstrup --^ Mechanisms Of Ch-bond Cleavage Catalyzed By Enzymes / Willem Siebrand And Zorka Smedarchina -- Kinetic Isotope Effects As Probes For Hydrogen Tunneling In Enzyme Catalysis / Amnon Kohen -- Hydrogen Bonds, Transition-state Stabilization, And Enzyme Catalysis / Richard L. Schowen -- Substrate And Ph Dependence Of Isotope Effects In Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions / William E. Karsten And Paul F. Cook -- Catalysis By Alcohol Dehydrogenases / Bryce V. Plapp -- Effects Of High Hydrostatic Pressure On Isotope Effects / Dexter B. Northrop -- Solvent Hydrogen Isotope Effects In Catalysis By Carbonic Anhydrase: Proton Transfer Through Intervening Water Molecules / David N. Silverman And Ileana Elder -- Isotope Effects From Partitioning Of Intermediates In Enzyme-catalyzed Hydroxylation Reactions / Paul F. Fitzpatrick -- Chlorine Kinetic Isotope Effects On Biological Systems / Piotr Paneth -- Nucleophile Isotope Effects / Vernon E. Anderson, Adam G. Cassano, And Michael E. Harris --^ Enzyme Mechanisms From Isotope Effects / W. Wallace Cleland -- Catalysis And Regulation In The Soluble Methane Monooxygenase System: Applications Of Isotopes And Isotope Effects / John D. Lipscomb -- Secondary Isotope Effects / Alvan C. Hengge -- Isotope Effects In The Characterization Of Low Barrier Hydrogen Bonds / Perry A. Frey -- Theory And Practice Of Solvent Isotope Effects / Daniel M. Quinn -- Enzymatic Binding Isotope Effects And The Interaction Of Glucose With Hexokinase / Brett E. Lewis And Vern L. Schramm. Edited By Amnon Kohen, Hans-heinrich Limbach. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The field of isotope effects has expanded exponentially in the last decade, and researchers are finding isotopes increasingly useful in their studies. Bringing literature on the subject up to date, Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology covers current principles, methods, and a broad range of applications of isotope effects in the physical, biological, and environmental sciences.The book describes the measurement of kinetic, equilibrium, and anharmonic isotope effects as well as basic theories, including gas phase, simple condensed phase, small molecule studies, and applications of the Bigeleisen-Mayer theory before describing how isotopes affect molecular geometries, chemical bond breaking, formation and chemical dynamics, and hydrogen transfer. It explores novel, mass-independent isotope effects and problems encountered in hydrogen transfer, tunneling, and exchange. Authors also discuss isotope effects in organic and organometallic reactions and complex enzyme reactions, while a unique chapter explores water isotope effects under pressure.Written by internationally recognized researchers from 13 countries, Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology brings together a wide scope of different perspectives and practical developments and applications into a comprehensive reference of isotope effects that reflect the most current state of the art.