Island and Empire: How Civil War in Crete Mobilized the Ottoman World (Stanford Ottoman World Series: Critical Studies in Empire, Nature, and Knowledge)

In the 1890s, conflict erupted on the Ottoman island of Crete. At the heart of the Crete Question, as it came to be known around the world, were clashing claims of sovereignty between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. The island was of tremendous geostrategic value, boasting one of the deepest natural harbors in the Mediterranean, and the conflict quickly gained international dimensions with an unprecedented collective military intervention by six European powers. Island and Empire shows how events in Crete ultimately transformed the Middle East. Uğur Zekeriya Peçe narrates a connected history of international intervention, mass displacement, and popular mobilization. The conflict drove a wedge between the island's Muslims and Christians, quickly acquiring a character of civil war. Civil war in turn unleashed a humanitarian catastrophe with the displacement of more than seventy thousand Muslims from Crete. In years following, many of those refugees took to the streets across the Ottoman world, driving the largest organized modern protest the empire had ever seen. Exploring both the emergence and legacies of violence, Island and Empire demonstrates how Cretan refugees became the engine of protest across the empire from Salonica to Libya, sending ripples farther afield beyond imperial borders. This history that begins within an island becomes a story about the end of an empire. Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments Note on Names and Spelling Introduction: No Refugee Is an Island 1. Fear and Trembling in the Mediterranean: Civil War in Crete and the Birth of a Refugee Question 2. Sheltering Mountain: The European Military Intervention and the Exodus of Crete’s Muslims 3. Adaptability in Vulnerability: The Muslim Minority in Autonomous Crete, 1898–1908 4. “Crete or Death": Sounds of Protest in the Ottoman Empire 5. Resettling the Displaced into History: Refugee Boycotters in the Ottoman Protest Movement Conclusion: Against Violence: Worse Than Refugeehood Is Death Abbreviations Used in Notes Notes Bibliography Index Series Editor Back Cover