Islam, Literature And Society In Mongol Anatolia (cambridge Studies In Islamic Civilization)

From a Christian, Greek- and Armenian-speaking land to a predominantly Muslim and Turkish speaking one, the Islamisation of medieval Anatolia would lay the groundwork for the emergence of the Ottoman Empire as a world power and ultimately the modern Republic of Turkey. Bringing together previously unpublished sources in Arabic, Persian and Turkish, Peacock offers a new understanding of the crucial but neglected period in Anatolian history, that of Mongol domination, between c. 1240 and 1380. This represents a decisive phase in the process of Islamisation, with the popularisation of Sufism and the development of new forms of literature to spread Islam. This book integrates the study of Anatolia with that of the broader Islamic world, shedding new light on this crucial turning point in the history of the Middle East. Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia 6 Contents 8 List of Illustrations 9 Acknowledgements 12 A Note on the Transliteration and Translation 14 List of Abbreviations 15 Introduction 16 HISTORIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES ON ANATOLIA IN THE PERIOD OF MONGOL DOMINATION 25 ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS AND INTELLECTUAL HISTORY IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIA 33 Part I: Religion, Politics and Society 44 1 The Formation of Islamic Anatolia: Crises of Legitimacy and the Struggle against Unbelief 46 ANATOLIA UNDER THE SELJUQS: THE EMERGENCE OF AN ISLAMIC SOCIETY 47 ANATOLIA UNDER MONGOL RULE 56 THE AGE OF ERETNA AND THE BEYLIKS 65 THE SEARCH FOR LEGITIMACY IN MONGOL AND BEYLIK ANATOLIA 74 ISLAM AND UNBELIEF IN MONGOL ANATOLIA 78 2 Sufism and Political Power 90 RUMI, HIS SUCCESSORS AND THE POLITICAL ELITE SEEN THROUGH MEVLEVI SOURCES 95 POLITICS AND THE PATRONAGE OF SUFISM 109 THE SPREAD OF MEVLEVISM 118 RESISTANCE AND REVOLT: THE DESCENDANTS OF BABA İLYAS 122 3 Sufism in Society: Futuwwa in Seljuq and Mongol Anatolia 132 THE THEORY OF FUTUWWA 136 THE SPREAD OF FUTUWWA FROM BAGHDAD TO ANATOLIA 145 FUTUWWA AND POLITICS UNDER THE MONGOLS 151 Part II: Literature and Religious Change 160 4 The Emergence of Literary Turkish 162 EARLY TURKISH TEXTS FROM ANATOLIA AND THE PROBLEM OF DATING 166 EARLY FOURTEENTH-CENTURY TURKISH LITERARY CENTRES AND PATRONS 172 THE EMERGENCE OF TURKISH AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE AND THE RESILIENCE OF PERSIAN AND ARABIC 183 A COSMOPOLITAN TURCOPHONE WORLD 194 5 Vernacular Religious Literature: Tales of Conversion, Eschatology and Unbelief 203 A MEDIEVAL ANATOLIAN CATECHISM: THE SIRAJ AL-QULUB 206 ESCHATOLOGY AND ISLAMISATION 214 THE BATTLE AGAINST UNBELIEF 219 6 Apocalyptic Thought and the Political Elite 233 MAHDISM IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIAN TEXTS 238 IBN BARRAJAN AND HIS TAFSĪRS 244 FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ANATOLIAN APOCALYPTIC 252 MAHDISM AND REVOLT 256 MAHDIST REVOLTS UNDER MONGOL RULE 263 Conclusion 267 Bibliography 275 ARABIC SOURCES 275 PERSIAN SOURCES 277 TURKISH SOURCES 279 SOURCES IN OTHER LANGUAGES 281 SECONDARY LITERATURE 281 Index 302 Other Titles in the Series 310 The plate section 314 Bringing together previously unpublished sources in Arabic, Persian and Turkish, Peacock focuses on the period of Mongol domination in Anatolia in the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries to offer new understanding of the process of Islamisation in Anatolia and integrate its study with that of the broader Islamic world. A new understanding of the transformation of Anatolia to a Muslim society in the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries based on previously unpublished sources.