IRC-SET 2021 : Proceedings of the 7th IRC Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology, August 2021, Singapore

This book highlights contemporary state of research in multidisciplinary areas in computer science, computer engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, physics, biomedical sciences, life sciences, medicine, and health care. The accepted submissions to the 7th IRC Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (IRC-SET 2021) that were presented on August 7, 2021, are published in this conference proceedings. The papers presented here were shortlisted after extensive rounds of rigorous reviews by a panel of esteemed individuals who are pioneers and experts in their respective domains. Organizing Committee Preface Acknowledgments Contents 1 Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Evaluation of New Emerging Methods for Carrier Screening and Diagnosis 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Hypothesis 1.2 Methods 1.2.1 Sample Information 1.2.2 Technologies 1.3 Results 1.3.1 Linked-Reads 1.3.2 CYT Array 1.3.3 WGS 1.3.4 MLPA 1.3.5 Comparison of Linked-Reads, CYT Array and WGS with MLPA 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Traffic Strategy for Mixed Traffic in Container Terminals 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Design of Protocol 2.2.2 Simulation Software and Intersection Design 2.2.3 Modelling of Vehicle Behaviour 2.2.4 Evaluation Measurement 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Determination of Steady State 2.3.2 Effect of AV-Only Reserved Lanes 2.3.3 Effect of Turning Policies 2.4 Discussion 2.4.1 Turning Policies 2.4.2 AV-Only Reserved Lanes 2.4.3 Overall Protocol 2.5 Limitations 2.6 Conclusion and Further Studies References 3 Investigating the Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Imperial College’s Original Model 3.3 Methodology 3.4 Results 3.5 Model A 3.6 Model B 3.7 Future Studies 3.7.1 Unresolved Limitations 3.7.2 Impacts on Results 3.7.3 Possible Improvements 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Investigating the Genetic Etiology of Disease in a Patient with Aplastic Anemia 4.1 Background and purpose 4.1.1 Case Presentation 4.1.2 Aplastic Anemia (AA) 4.1.3 Importance and Challenges of an Accurate Diagnosis 4.1.4 Aim 4.2 Hypothesis 4.3 Materials and Method 4.3.1 Literature Review 4.3.2 Relative Telomere Length (RTL) Assay 4.3.3 RTL Determination 4.3.4 Statistical Analysis of RTL Methodology 4.3.5 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) 4.4 Results and Discussion 4.4.1 RTL Z-Score Analysis 4.4.2 NGS Analysis 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Topology and Geometry of 3-Band Models 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Research Objectives 5.1.2 Berry Phase, Berry Curvature, and Chern Number 5.2 The Majorana Stellar Representation for N-Band Models 5.3 Analysis of Uniform 3-Band Model with MSR 5.3.1 Cancellation of Divergences in the Terms 5.4 Conclusion 5.5 Further Work References 6 Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval Random Shuffling Methodology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Framework 6.2.1 Word2Vec Model and Its Parameters 6.2.2 Random Shuffling 6.2.3 Smart Shuffling 6.3 Findings 6.3.1 Testing 6.3.2 Results 6.3.3 Equations 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Alternative to Chromatography: Purification of Therapeutic Protein/Peptides by Continuous Crystallization in Millifluidics 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Background 7.1.2 Research Question and Objective 7.1.3 Literature Review 7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Materials 7.2.2 Preparation of Buffer Solution 7.2.3 Preparation of Lysozyme Solution 7.2.4 Crystallization 7.2.5 Freeze Drying 7.2.6 Spectrophotometric Analysis 7.2.7 Enzyme Assay 7.2.8 Crystal Analysis 7.3 Results 7.4 Discussion Appendix References 8 Design of Underground Structures to Mitigate Effects of Soil Liquefaction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 Structures 8.2.2 Soil Liquefaction Simulation Setup 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.4 Conclusion 8.5 Future Work Annexe References 9 Enhanced Real-Time Raw sEMG Signal Classification Through Bypass of Manual Feature Engineering and Extraction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methodology (Data Collection) 9.3 Models Developed 9.3.1 Naïve-Bayes Classifier 9.3.2 Gated-Recurrent-Unit, Fully-Connected-Network 9.3.3 Modified ConvXGB Classifier 9.4 Results and Discussion 9.5 Implications and Conclusions 9.6 Limitations of Findings 9.7 Future Work Appendix References 10 Transforming and Solving Multi-channel Time Series Classification Problem Using Image Classification Techniques 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Data Collection 10.2.1 A Pixel for Every Point 10.2.2 Combinatorial Approach 10.2.3 Spectrograms 10.3 Training the Models 10.3.1 ImageNet Classifier 10.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN56) 10.4 Image Classification Techniques 10.4.1 Tweaking Model Parameters 10.4.2 Data Augmentation 10.4.3 Pre-existing Models 10.4.4 Generative Adversarial Networks 10.5 Results and Discussion 10.6 Conclusion 10.7 Future Work References 11 Catalytic Water Treatment 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Hypothesis 11.2 Methodology 11.2.1 Preparation of TiO2 Catalyst 11.2.2 Metal Sheet Preparation 11.2.3 Photocatalytic Experiments 11.2.4 TiO2 Solar Cell 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Concentration of Congo Red Solution 11.3.2 Calcination Temperature of TiO2 Plates 11.3.3 Analysis of the Optimum Shape of Stainless Steel Reflector 11.3.4 Titanium Dioxide Dye-Sensitised Solar Cell 11.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 11.4.1 Future Works Appendix 1. Calibration Curve References 12 Applying James–Stein Estimation to b-Bit Minwise Hashing 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hypothesis 12.3 Materials and Methods 12.3.1 James–Stein Estimation 12.3.2 Minwise Hashing 12.3.3 b-Bit Minwise Hashing 12.3.4 Experiment 12.4 Results and Discussion 12.4.1 Precision 12.4.2 Recall 12.4.3 Mean Square Error 12.5 Conclusion and Implications References 13 Thermal Image Analysis of Singapore's Housing Infrastructure 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methodology 13.2.1 Case Study Object: A Condominium in Clementi 13.2.2 Recreation of the Building in Simulation 13.2.3 FLIR Camera Deployment and Measurement Setup 13.2.4 Privacy Protections 13.2.5 Flow Diagram of Code Used for Data Analysis 13.3 Simulations and Thermal Analysis of the Stack Effect 13.3.1 Simulations 13.3.2 Analysis of Real-World Thermal Data 13.4 Conclusion 13.5 Possible Application and Future Work References 14 EEG-Based Evaluation of the Effect of Emotion on Relaxation Management 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Objectives and Hypotheses 14.3 Research Methods 14.4 Data Collection and Results 14.5 Discussion 14.6 Conclusion Appendix 1. Experiment Procedure Appendix 2. Stimuli Used Appendix 3. STAI Questionnaire Appendix 4. Experiment Data References 15 AI-Driven Data Analytics Assessing Methods to Localize Preexisting Natural Language-Processing Data 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Background 15.3 Methodology 15.3.1 BERT 15.3.2 Classifier 15.4 Results 15.5 Future Work and Discussions 15.6 Conclusion References 16 The Physics of a Bead Rolling on a Rotating Hoop—A Problem in Nonlinear Dynamics 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Theoretical Model 16.2.1 Using Newton’s 2nd Law 16.2.2 Sources of Damping 16.2.3 Equilibrium Points and Bifurcation 16.2.4 Solving Equation of Motion 16.3 Experimental Results 16.3.1 Experimental Setup 16.3.2 Bifurcation of System 16.3.3 Equilibrium Point θ= 0 16.3.4 Equilibrium Point θ= pmA Where A =0 16.3.5 Phase Portraits 16.4 Conclusion References 17 Development and Optimisation of a Rapid Paper-Based Test for the Detection of IL-6 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Engineering Goal and Objective 17.3 Materials and Methods 17.3.1 Mechanism of Assay 17.3.2 Key Differences Between Traditional ELISA and Paper-Based Assay 17.3.3 Sourcing of Materials 17.4 Results and Discussion 17.4.1 Optimisation of SAHRP Concentration 17.4.2 Optimisation of Incubation Time 17.4.3 Optimisation of Concentration of 18 K Binder Protein 17.4.4 Dose Response Curve 17.5 Conclusions and Implications References 18 Determination of Trace Levels of Iron in Spinacia Oleracea Using Microcontroller-Based Photometer 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Materials and Methods 18.2.1 Reagents and Solutions 18.2.2 Apparatus 18.2.3 Preparation of Solutions 18.2.4 Lab-Made LED-Based Photometer 18.2.5 Procedure for Determination of Iron in Spinacia Oleracea 18.2.6 Reference Method 18.3 Results 18.3.1 Absorption Spectra 18.3.2 Effect of pH 18.3.3 Effect of Temperature 18.3.4 Effect of Time 18.3.5 Effect of Interference Ions 18.3.6 Calibration Curve 18.3.7 Determination of Iron(II) in Spinacia Oleracea 18.4 Discussion 18.5 Conclusion 18.6 Further Work Annex A Annex B (Calculations) References 19 Mining Next-Generation Sequencing Data to Identify Anti-nociceptive Signaling Pathways 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Methodology 19.3 Results 19.4 Discussion 19.5 Conclusion 19.6 Future Work References 20 Detection and Classification System for Rail Surface Defects Based on Deep Learning 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Methods 20.2.1 Structure of Convolutional Neural Network 20.2.2 Training with Convolutional Neural Network 20.3 Implementation 20.3.1 Image Acquisition Setup 20.3.2 Data Description 20.3.3 Deep Learning Configurations 20.3.4 Neural Network Architecture 20.4 Experimental Results 20.4.1 Results 20.4.2 Discussions 20.5 Conclusions References 21 Analysing Gait Patterns of Parkinsons’ Disease Patients to Predict Freezing of Gait (FoG) Using Machine Learning Algorithms 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Aims and Objective 21.1.2 Hypothesis 21.2 Literature Review 21.2.1 FoG Characterization 21.2.2 Utilisation of IMUs in Analysis 21.3 Methodology 21.3.1 Daphnet Dataset 21.3.2 Signal Processing 21.3.3 SVM Analysis 21.3.4 Program 21.4 Results and Discussion 21.4.1 Prototype 21.4.2 Final Application 21.5 Conclusions 21.6 Future Work Appendix References 22 An Overview of Transparent Insulation Materials and Its Future Developments 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Tim Types 22.2.1 Glazing Parallel Structure 22.2.2 Glazing Perpendicular Structure 22.2.3 Cavity Structure 22.2.4 Quasi-homogeneous Structures 22.3 Applications of TIMs in Buildings 22.3.1 Application of TIM for Flat-Plate Type Solar Collectors 22.3.2 Application of TIMs in Solar Walls 22.3.3 Application of TIMs for Window Systems or Glazed Facades 22.4 Barriers in Development of TIM Systems 22.5 Literature Review 22.6 Projects and Potential Future Developments 22.6.1 Insulating Particulate Coatings (2020) 22.6.2 Brightwall (2019) 22.6.3 Engineer Polymer Film (2019) 22.6.4 NanoSD (Nanobubble Thermal Barrier) (2019) 22.6.5 Nanoinsulate (2014) 22.6.6 Dynamic IR Window Film (2019) 22.6.7 Aerogel Insulated Pane (2020) 22.6.8 Thinner Coatings (2021) 22.7 Potential Developments (2021) 22.8 Conclusion References 23 Study of Variation in Alccofine on Concrete Strength 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 Alccofine 23.1.2 Types of Alccofine 23.1.3 Application of Alccofine 1203 23.2 Literature Review (Strength and Ductility Properties) 23.3 Methodology 23.3.1 Materials 23.3.2 Test Methods 23.4 Results and Discussion 23.5 Conclusion References 24 Linguistic Indicators of Success in Aviation Emergencies: A Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) Investigation 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Aims/Objectives 24.3 Methodology 24.3.1 Design 24.3.2 Measurements 24.3.3 Limitations 24.4 Results 24.5 Discussion 24.6 Conclusion References 25 Gait Monitoring and Analysis for Parkinson's Disease Patients 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Materials and methods 25.2.1 Bluno Beetle 25.2.2 The MiniMU-9 v5 25.2.3 2.4 V Lithium-Ion Battery 25.2.4 USB Li-Ion/Li-Poly Charger 25.2.5 Methods 25.3 Results 25.4 Discussion References 26 An Eldercare Control System in IoT Cloud Environment 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Literature Review 26.3 Hardware Implementation 26.3.1 Hardware Testing 26.3.2 Overall Sturcture of the Hardware Devices 26.4 Software Implementation 26.4.1 Blynk Application 26.5 Integration and Testing 26.5.1 Connections to Internet and IoT Platform 26.5.2 Data Collection 26.5.3 Prototype Testing 26.6 Conclusion References 27 Wideband Sinuous Antenna Design 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Sinuous Antenna Design 27.2.1 Generating the Sinuous Curve 27.2.2 Evaluating Design Parameters 27.2.3 Mitigation of Unwanted Resonances in the Sinuous Antenna 27.2.4 Truncation of Sinuous Geometry 27.3 Balun Design 27.4 Feeding System 27.5 Simulation and Experimental Results 27.5.1 Vector Network Analysis 27.5.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements 27.6 Discussion 27.7 Limitations/Further Work References 28 EEG-Based Evaluation of Classifying Attention States Between Single and Dual Tasks 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Hypotheses and Experiment Design 28.3 Data Collection and Analysis 28.4 Results and Discussion 28.5 Conclusion References 29 Nanotechnology for Remediation of Water Environment 29.1 Introduction 29.1.1 Classification of Nanoscale Materials 29.2 Methodology 29.3 Literature Review 29.3.1 Different Types and Applications of Nanoparticles 29.3.2 Properties of Nanoparticles 29.3.3 Nanomaterials and the Water Environment 29.3.4 Applications of Various Nanomaterials in the Water Environment 29.3.5 Limitations of Nanoparticles in Remediation for Water Applications 29.4 Discussions and Conclusion References 30 Elucidating the Role of MAMDC2 in Head and Neck Squamous Cancer 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Materials and Methods 30.2.1 Plasmids 30.2.2 RNA Isolation and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) 30.2.3 Cell Culture and Transfection 30.2.4 Cell Proliferation Assay 30.2.5 Wound Healing Assay 30.2.6 Transwell Migration and Matrigel Invasion Assays 30.2.7 Immunofluorescence 30.2.8 Statistical Analysis 30.3 Results 30.3.1 mamdc2 Overexpression is Possibly Associated with Distant Metastasis 30.3.2 Effect of MAMDC2 Overexpression on Cell Activities 30.3.3 mamdc2 Overexpression had No Obvious Effects on Cell Migration and Invasion 30.3.4 mamdc2 Overexpression Promotes Cell Proliferation 30.3.5 Subcellular Localisation of MAMDC2 30.4 Discussion 30.4.1 Role of MAMDC2 in Cancer 30.4.2 Limitations and Future Studies 30.4.3 Conclusion Appendix References 31 Predicting In Vivo Drug–Drug Interactions Between Rivaroxaban and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Arising from Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Objectives and Hypothesis 31.3 Methods 31.3.1 Data Collection 31.3.2 Estimating the Extent of Metabolic Drug–Drug Interaction Arising from CYP3A4 Inactivation Using a Mechanistic Static Model 31.3.3 Predicting the Risk of Major Bleeding 31.4 Results and Discussion 31.4.1 Static Modelling of Metabolic DDI 31.4.2 Discussion 31.5 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Work References 32 Low-Reynolds Number Airfoil Shape Optimization Using Genetic Algorithm with Mode Parameterization 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Airfoil Data Parameterization 32.3 Airfoil Evaluation 32.4 Genetic Algorithm 32.4.1 SVDGA 32.5 Results 32.6 Conclusion References 33 Personalized Guided Perceptual Learning: A Proof of Concept Study 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Research Objective 33.3 Hypothesis 33.4 Methodology 33.4.1 Perceptual Learning Task 33.4.2 Procedure 33.4.3 Standard Learning Approach 33.4.4 AI Approach 33.4.5 Data Analysis 33.4.6 Statistical Analysis 33.5 Results 33.5.1 Data Quality 33.5.2 3U1D 33.5.3 CURATE.AI 33.6 Discussion 33.6.1 Limitations 33.6.2 Future Work 33.7 Conclusion References 34 Investigating the Public’s Experiences and Knowledge of Communicating with People with Dementia 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Literature Review 34.3 Methodology 34.4 Results 34.4.1 Singaporeans’ Knowledge of Dementia and Experiences with People with Dementia 34.4.2 Singaporeans’ Knowledge of Communication Techniques for People with Dementia 34.4.3 What Needs to be Done? 34.5 Discussion 34.5.1 What is the Current Status of Singaporeans’ Knowledge of Dementia and Experiences with People with Dementia? 34.5.2 How much Experience do Singaporeans have when it comes to Communicating with Patients with Dementia? 34.5.3 To What Degree do Singaporeans Know About Communication Techniques in Interacting with Patients with Dementia? 34.5.4 Limitations 34.6 Conclusion References 35 The Study of Epidemic Model in the Context of Singapore: Modelling the Transmission and Vaccination Mechanisms of COVID-19 in Singapore 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 Background 35.1.2 Objectives 35.2 Assumptions and Justification 35.3 Model Development 35.3.1 The SIR Model 35.3.2 Model Fitting in Singapore’s Context 35.3.3 Simulation on Subsequent Preventive Measures 35.4 The SIR Model with Vaccination 35.4.1 Minimum Vaccination Rate Required to Control COVID-19 35.4.2 Vaccination Rate for Epidemics with Different R0 35.5 Discussion 35.5.1 Strengths and Limitations of Our SIR Model Simulation 35.5.2 Implications of Our Model 35.6 Conclusion Format Rectification References 36 From Phenotypes to Endotypes: Deciphering the Immune Signatures Associated with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Objectives 36.3 Methodology 36.4 Isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and Gene Expression 36.5 Dermotype Definition 36.6 Data Analysis 36.7 Results and Discussion 36.8 Conclusion References 37 Synthesis and Modification of LDHs for the Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Dyes and Phosphates 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Materials and Methods 37.2.1 Materials 37.2.2 Synthesis of Zn-Al LDH 37.2.3 Modification of Zn-Al LDH with SDS 37.2.4 Batch Adsorption Studies 37.2.5 Effect of pH 37.2.6 Reusability Tests 37.3 Results and Discussions 37.3.1 Characterization of Chloride Intercalated Zn-Al LDH 37.3.2 Adsorption Studies 37.3.3 Reusability Studies 37.4 Conclusion and Future Work References 38 Decitabine as a Latency Perturbing Agent in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Positive Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma (NKTL) 38.1 Introduction 38.1.1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in Natural Killer/T-Cell (NKTL) 38.1.2 Methylation and the Maintenance of Latency Programs in NKTL 38.1.3 Decitabine as a Possible Drug Candidate for NKTL 38.2 Hypothesis 38.3 Materials and Method 38.3.1 Cell Culture 38.3.2 Cell Lysis 38.3.3 Immunoblotting 38.4 Results and Discussion 38.4.1 LMP2A and LMP1 Were Optimally Detected Following Heating and Lysis at 70 °C for 45 min and 15 min, Respectively 38.4.2 Decitabine Treatment Results in Enhanced LMP Expression with LMP2A being Increased to a Greater Extent than LMP1 38.4.3 Decitabine Treatment Upregulates LMP1 and LMP2A Expression but not EBNA3A 38.4.4 Seeding Cells at Lower Densities Led to Higher Levels of LMP2A and LMP1 38.5 Conclusion References 39 AI Panorama Art of Proteins with Image Blending Deep Learning 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Materials and Methods 39.2.1 Materials and Software Used 39.2.2 General Methodology 39.2.3 Procedure for Creating Mask Image Within Adobe Photoshop 39.3 Results and Discussion 39.3.1 Fossils of a Giant Protein on a Seaside Hill 39.3.2 A Universe of Giant Protein-Shaped Galaxy Cluster 39.3.3 Protein Fish Roams Through the Ocean 39.4 Conclusion References 40 A Study in Factors Affecting the Production and Properties of Biocellulose Produced by Acetobacter Xylinum 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Materials and Methods 40.2.1 Preparation of Food Waste Extract 40.2.2 Preparation of Growth Media 40.2.3 Inoculation of Acetobacter xylinum and Fermentation of Biocellulose 40.2.4 Varying the Metal Ions 40.2.5 Varying Ethanol Concentration 40.2.6 Harvesting of Biocellulose 40.2.7 Characterisation of Biocellulose 40.2.8 Testing of Tensile Strength of Biocellulose 40.2.9 Testing of Drug Release Properties via Dissolution Assays 40.3 Results and Discussion 40.3.1 Characterisation of Biocellulose 40.3.2 Yield of Biocellulose 40.3.3 Tensile Strength of Biocellulose 40.3.4 Drug Release Property of Biocellulose 40.4 Conclusion References 41 Synthesis of Magnetically Responsive Photocatalytic CuBTC Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Degradation of Organic Textile Pollutants 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Materials and Methods 41.2.1 Materials 41.2.2 Synthesis of Copper (II) Benzene 1,3,5-Tricarboxylate (CuBTC) MOF 41.2.3 Magnetization of CuBTC-MOF 41.2.4 Determination of Effectiveness of CuBTC-MOF in Degrading Dyes and Acetone 41.2.5 Reusability Study on CuBTC-MOF 41.3 Results and Discussion 41.3.1 Characterization of CuBTC-MOF by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 41.3.2 Effect of Magnetization of CuBTC-MOF on Percentage Removal of Dyes 41.3.3 Effect of Presence of Visible Light on Degradation of Dyes and Acetone 41.3.4 Proposed Mechanisms for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants 41.3.5 Kinetic Studies of Photodegradation of Methyl Orange by Magnetic CuBTC-MOF 41.3.6 Comparison of Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of CuBTC with Conventional Photocatalysts 41.3.7 Reusability Studies of Magnetic CuBTC-MOF 41.3.8 Construction of Prototype for Photocatalytic Treatment of Wastewater 41.4 Conclusion References 42 Object Motion Detection 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Algorithm 42.2.1 Optical Flow Computation 42.2.2 Object Segmentation 42.2.3 Object Localization 42.2.4 Detection Refinement 42.3 Result 42.4 Discussion 42.5 Conclusion References 43 Spectral Analysis of Public Transport Networks 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Spectral Graph Theory 43.3 Graphs from Transport Networks 43.4 Effect of MRT Lines on Centrality 43.5 Effect of MRT Lines on Connectivity 43.6 Effect of Network Topology on Connectivity 43.7 Conclusion References 44 Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Toxicity and Phytochemical Screening of Dieffenbachia Camilla and the Synthesis of a Novel and Green Topical Delivery Method for It 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Objectives and Hypothesis 44.3 Methodology 44.3.1 Extraction and Preparation of Samples 44.3.2 Hexane Phase Separation 44.3.3 Well Diffusion Assay 44.3.4 Time Point Assay 44.3.5 2,2diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity Assay 44.3.6 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay 44.3.7 Antifungal Assay 44.3.8 Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSL) 44.3.9 Membrane Permeability Assay 44.3.10 Biofilm Microtiter Assay 44.3.11 Phytochemical Analysis 44.3.12 Flash Column Chromatography 44.3.13 Synthesis of DC/Fibroin via Electrospinning 44.4 Results and Discussion 44.4.1 Hexane Phase Separation Removes Toxic Compounds 44.4.2 TF Extracts Induce Antibacterial and Bactericidal Potency via Phytochemicals 44.4.3 Compounds of DC Recognise Conserved Elements of Lipopolysaccharides 44.4.4 Compounds of DC Are Potent Antioxidative Agents 44.4.5 Compounds of DC Are Fungicidal 44.4.6 Compounds of DC Increase Membrane Permeability Inducing Cell Death 44.4.7 Compounds of DC Have Quorum Quenching Potential 44.4.8 TF Extract Zein Electrospun Mesh Was Able to Induce Antibacterial Activities 44.5 Conclusion and Limitations 44.5.1 Conclusion 44.5.2 Limitations References 45 Epigenetic Modification of fruitless in the Protocerebrum Influences Male Drosophila Courtship Behaviour 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Materials and Methods 45.2.1 Drosophila Melanogaster Cultures 45.2.2 CRISPR-dCAS9 Constructs 45.2.3 CRISPR-dCAS9 Construct Expression 45.2.4 Single Guide RNA (sgRNA) Design 45.2.5 Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis (RING) Assay 45.2.6 Epigenetic Modification 45.2.7 Epigenetic Analysis 45.2.8 Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) 45.3 Results and Discussion 45.3.1 RING Assay 45.3.2 Courtship Index 45.3.3 RT-qPCR 45.4 Conclusion Appendix References 46 An Edge-Based Dustbin for Smart Compacting and Segregating 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Literature Survey 46.3 Methodology 46.3.1 Physical Architecture 46.3.2 Proposed System 46.3.3 Use Case Study for Proposed System 46.3.4 Flow Illustration When “Dustbin is Full” 46.3.5 Components Used 46.3.6 Network Architecture 46.4 Conclusions 46.5 Future Scope References 47 Self-supervised Learning with Deep Neural Networks for Computer Vision 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Related Work 47.2.1 Pretext Tasks 47.2.2 Contrastive Learning 47.3 Methods 47.3.1 Dataset and Model 47.3.2 Experiment 1: Momentum Contrast 47.4 Results and Discussion 47.4.1 Experiment 2: Autoencoder 47.5 Results and Discussion 47.5.1 Experiment 3: Dual Head Network 47.6 Results and Discussion 47.6.1 Experiment 4: Varying Amounts of Labels 47.7 Results and Discussion 47.8 Conclusion 47.9 Future Work References 48 IoT-Enabled Smart Window with Environmental Sensors 48.1 Introduction 48.2 Hypothesis 48.3 Methodology 48.3.1 Materials and Devices 48.3.2 Control Algorithm 48.4 Results and Discussion 48.4.1 Prototype 48.4.2 IoT Applications 48.5 Conclusions 48.6 Further Applications Appendix 1: Electronic Specs and Working Principles of Electrochromic Films Appendix 2: Electronic Specs of Arduino Uno Wi-Fi Rev2 Appendix 3: Features of Environmental Sensors Appendix 4 Code for Control of Appliances via Sensor Feedback References 49 Synthesis of Magnetic Chitosan Hydrogel from Crab Shells as an Environmentally Friendly Adsorbent for Water Purification 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Objectives and Hypothesis 49.3 Materials and Methods 49.3.1 Materials 49.3.2 Extraction of Chitin and Synthesis of Chitosan from Crab Shell 49.3.3 Determination of Degree of Deacetylation (%DDA) of Chitosan Synthesized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 49.3.4 Synthesis of Magnetic Chitosan Hydrogel (MCH) 49.3.5 Batch Adsorption Studies 49.3.6 Isotherm Studies 49.3.7 Regeneration of MCH/Chitosan and Reusability Tests 49.4 Results and Discussion 49.4.1 Characterization of Chitosan Synthesized 49.4.2 Characterization of MCH 49.4.3 Batch Adsorption Studies Results 49.4.4 Isotherm Studies 49.4.5 Reusability Tests 49.5 Conclusions and Future Work Appendix 1: FTIR of Chitosan Synthesized Appendix 2: Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm References 50 Electrochemical Treatment of an Effluent with Azo Dyes and Heavy Metals Using a Graphene-Coated Electrode 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Hypotheses 50.3 Materials and Methods 50.4 Results and Discussion 50.5 Conclusion Appendix 1: Electrochemical Cell Setup Appendix 2: Degradation Rate Constant for Different Dye Concentrations References 51 Detection and Removal of Obstructions in Still Images Utilising Machine Learning 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Existing Solutions 51.3 Methodology 51.4 Creation of Data set 51.5 Detection and Removal of Obstruction 51.6 Reconstructing the Image 51.7 Results 51.8 Limitations, Reflection, and Conclusion References 52 Investigating the Application of the Separation Capabilities of a Zirconium MOF b-oriented MFI Zeolite Membrane 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Objectives and Hypothesis 52.3 Materials and Methods 52.3.1 Materials 52.3.2 Preparation of Zirconia Membrane 52.3.3 Preparation of Dip Coating Set-Up 52.3.4 Preparation of Test Solutions 52.3.5 Preparation of Filtration Set-Up 52.4 Results and Discussion 52.4.1 NaCl Separation Capabilities 52.4.2 Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption 52.4.3 Potential Experimental Errors 52.4.4 Optimisation of Separation Capabilities 52.4.5 Overall Comparison 52.5 Conclusions and Future Work References 53 Investigating the Effects of Herbs on Reducing Symptoms Associated with Schizophrenia in the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans 53.1 Background and Purpose of Research Area 53.2 Hypotheses of the Research 53.3 Methods 53.3.1 Materials 53.3.2 Preparation of Herb Extracts 53.3.3 Preparation of Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) 53.3.4 Growth of Bacterial Culture 53.3.5 Growth of E. coli OP50 on NGM Plates 53.3.6 Growth of C. elegans on Prepared NGM Plates 53.3.7 Data Analysis 53.4 Results 53.4.1 Social Feeding Assay 53.4.2 Locomotion Assay 53.5 Conclusion and Discussion References 54 Investigating the Effect of Sugarcane Extract and Lotus Root Extract on the Growth of Lactobacillus Spp. and Its Effect on Microbial Antagonism 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Objective 54.3 Hypotheses 54.4 Materials and Methods 54.4.1 Materials 54.4.2 Methods 54.5 Results and Discussion 54.5.1 Lactobacillus gasseri 54.5.2 Lactobacillus plantarum 54.5.3 Lactobacillus rhamnosus 54.5.4 Effects of Proliferated L. gasseri and L. plantarum on Growth of E. coli 54.5.5 Data Analysis 54.6 Conclusion References