IRC-SET 2020 : Proceedings of the 6th IRC Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology, July 2020, Singapore

This book highlights leading-edge research in multi-disciplinary areas in Physics, Engineering, Medicine, and Health care, from the 6th IRC Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (IRC-SET 2020) held in July 2020 at Singapore. The papers were shortlisted after extensive rounds of reviews by a panel of esteemed individuals who are pioneers in their domains. The book also contains excerpts of the speeches by eminent personalities who graced the occasion, thereby providing written documentation of the event. Organizing Committee General Chair General Co-chair Technical Program Chair Technical Program Co-chairs Publicity Chairs ePoster Chairs Sponsorship Chair Publication Chairs Steering Committee International Advisory Panel TPC Members Preface Acknowledgements Contents Investigating the Efficacy of Magnetite as a Sedative in Drosophila Melanogaster 1 Introduction 2 Hypothesis 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Work References Improving the Workflow of Chemical Structure Elucidation with Morgan Fingerprints and the Tanimoto Coefficient 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion Appendix References Transport and Optical Studies of Two-Dimensional Electron Gas in AlN/SrTiO3 Heterostructure 1 Introduction 2 Research Objectives 3 Theoretical and Experimental Background 4 Results and Discussion References A Comprehensive Study into the Magnetic Levitation of a Magnetic Stirrer 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Qualitative Account for the Phenomenon 4 Force Analysis of the Flea 5 Verification of Theoretical Model 6 Radial Stability 7 Further Insights 8 Conclusion and Future Work References 3D Printed Prosthetic Hand 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Further Work 5 Conclusion Appendix References NLP in Fake News Detection 1 Introduction 2 Dataset 3 Methdology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Concluding Remarks References Automatic Grading of Online Formative Assessments Using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks and Attention Mechanism 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Datasets 3.2 Components of Architecture 4 Data and Discussion 4.1 Evaluation Methodology 4.2 Evaluation of Quantitative Component 4.3 Evaluation of Qualitative Component 4.4 Final Architecture 5 Conclusion and Future Work References An Evaluation of the Presence, Type and Suggestions About the Mechanisms of Drug Interaction Between Venetoclax and GSK595 in Multiple Myeloma 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion Appendix References Lasing in Chlorophyll 1 1. Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Machine Learning of Biological Data in Cell Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Hypothesis 3 Materials and Methods 4 Results 5 Discussion Appendix References Automation of Precision Ellipsometry System 1 1. Research Problem 2 Design of System 3 Evaluation 4 Conclusion References The Influence of Transfection Methods on the Molecular Dynamics of the Cell Plasma Membrane 1 Introduction 1.1 Methods and Results 2 Results 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Engineering of a Novel Inhibitor of Factor XIa with Better Stability and Inhibitory Efficiency 1 Introduction 2 Primary Research Objectives 3 Hypotheses 4 Procedure 5 Results 6 Discussion 7 Applications 8 Conclusion References Computational Studies of Cell Durotaxis on Extracellular Matrix Rigidity Gradients as a Model for Wound Healing and Fibrosis 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion Appendix References Effects of Hand Soap, Detergent and Dishwashing Soap on Bacterial Microbiome, Sebum and pH of Skin 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Phase 1 2.2 Phase 2 2.3 Phase 3 2.4 Assumptions Made 3 Results, Discussions & Implications 3.1 Phase 1.1 3.2 Phase 1.2 3.3 Phase 2 3.4 Phase 3 3.5 Limitations and Future Work References Achieving Low Resistance Ohmic Contacts to Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Design 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Optical Images 4.2 Carrier Mobilities 4.3 Contact Resistance Determination 5 Summary of Values 6 Future Work 7 Conclusion and Applications References Smart Surgical Tools Checker 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Phase 1—Building of Prototype 2.2 Phase 2—Coding (Image Processing and Machine Learning) 2.3 Obtaining Data 2.4 Getting Accuracy of Model 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Magnetisation Transport in XXZ Spin Chains 1 Introduction 2 Tools and System 2.1 Basic Elements of Quantum Mechanics 2.2 Model 2.3 Observables: Magnetization and Current 3 Numerical Implementation 4 Results 4.1 Transport in Absence of Dephasing 4.2 Transport with Dephasing 5 Conclusion References Graphene and Montmorillonite-Enabled Ultrastretchable Integrated Chemical Barriers and Fire Retardant Nanocoatings for Next-Generation Protective Clothing 1 Introduction and Literature Review 2 Methodology 2.1 Fabrication of GO-Elastomer Bilayer 2.2 Production of GO-MMT Hybrid and Manufacturing Approach 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Optimising Stretchability of GO-Elastomer Bilayer 3.2 Large-Scale Fabrication of GO-MMT Hybrid 3.3 Barrier Properties of GO-MMT Hybrid 4 Conclusion Appendix References Monte Carlo Method in Chemical Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Phase 1 (The Kinetics of A ⇌ B ⇌ C) 2.2 Phase 2—Using the Monte Carlo Method 2.3 Phase 3—Metropolis Monte Carlo 2.4 Phase 4—Obtaining Data 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Testing the Randomness of the PRNG Function 3.2 Evolution of the Accuracy of the Metropolis Monte Carlo 3.3 Evaluation of the Factors Affecting the Accuracy of the Monte Carlo Method 3.4 Benefits and Caveats of the Monte Carlo Method in Chemical Engineering 4 Conclusion and Future Work Appendices Appendix 1—PRNG and Rnd Scatterplots and Histograms Appendix 2—Graphs of Deterministic Versus Monte Carlo Simulations Appendix 3—Deterministic and Monte Carlo Simulation Results References The Efficiency of Using Biowaste as a Greener Alternative to Conventional Fuel 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Questions and Hypothesis 3.1 Research Questions 3.2 Hypothesis, Engineering Goals and Expected Outcomes 4 Methodology 4.1 Stage 1 4.2 Stage II 4.3 Stage III 4.4 Risk and Safety 4.5 Methods for Data Analysis 5 Results 6 Discussions 6.1 Implications 6.2 Limitations and Future Work 7 Conclusions References Plasma-Based Defect Engineering of Graphene for Optimised β-D-Glucose Sensing to Monitor Diabetes 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Graphene Synthesis by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 2.2 Graphene Transfer Process 2.3 Designing and Implementation of Graphene-Based Glucose Biosensors 2.4 Defect Engineering via RF Plasma 2.5 IV Measurements 3 Results 3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 3.2 Capability of Graphene for Glucose Sensing 4 Future Studies 5 Conclusion References Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Using Fish-Scale-Derived Membrane 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Instruments 2.3 Preparation of Dye Solutions 2.4 Preparation of Membranes 2.5 Separation Set-Up 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 FTIR Analysis 3.2 TGA Analysis of Fish Scales 3.3 SEM Imaging 3.4 XRD Analysis 3.5 Separation Results for Sudan IV 3.6 Separation Results for Rose Bengal 4 Further Studies 5 Conclusion Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References An Acoustic Study on the Dispersive Flexural Modes of Wave Propagation in a Helical Spring 1 Introduction 2 Quantitative Account 2.1 Dispersion Relation 2.2 Frequency-Time Relation 2.3 2 Modes of Wave Propagation 3 Methods and Results 3.1 Experimental Set-Up 3.2 Determining Young’s Modulus 3.3 Method of Data Analysis 3.4 Graphs of Steel Slinkys (Fig. 7, 8 and 9) 3.5 Graph of Plastic Slinky (Fig. 10) 3.6 Spectrogram Comparison of Plastic Versus Metal (Fig. 11) 3.7 Further Insights (Figs. 12, and 13) 4 Conclusion References MicroRNA-Profiling Based Screening of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in Plasma 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Patients and Clinical Samples 2.2 MiRNA Selection 2.3 MiRNA Extraction and Quantification 3 Results 3.1 Primary Outcome: Cancer Versus Non-Cancer 3.2 Secondary Outcomes: Evaluation of MiRNA Levels in Patients Across Lung Cancer Histology, Stage and Smoking Status 4 Discussion 4.1 Key Findings 4.2 Roles of Identified MiRNAs 4.3 Limitations and Future Work Appendix ROC Curves for Other Panels AUC Under ROC Curves for Panels Containing Different Numbers of MiRNAs References Low-Cost Draw-On Electronics: Investigation of Pen-Substrate Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Aims and Objectives 3 Methodology/Materials 3.1 Materials and Sample Preparation 3.2 Instrumentation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Width of the Line Samples 4.2 Quality of Line Drawn 4.3 Foldability of the Silver and Carbon Conductive Ink Electrodes on Paper 4.4 Effects of Roughness of Substrate on Conductivity of Conductive Traces 4.5 Application 5 Conclusion References Exploring the Use of Apple Skin to Boost the Energy Efficiency of Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Aim 2.1 Investigation Topic 2.2 Motive 2.3 Hypothesis 3 Methodology 3.1 Materials of Construction 3.2 Preparation of Materials/Chemicals Required 3.3 Construction of the MFC 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Screening and Characterisation of Novel Environmental Phages 1 Introduction 2 Hypothesis 3 Methodology and Results 3.1 Experimental Techniques 3.2 Storage of Samples 3.3 Methodology 3.4 Results 4 Discussion and Implications References Synthesis of Magnetic Carbonised Banana Peel as a Versatile and Reusable Adsorbent for Water Purification 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Carbonised Banana Peel 2.3 Batch Adsorption Studies on MCB 2.4 Reusability of Magnetic Carbonised Banana Peel (MCB) 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterisation of MCB 3.2 Batch Adsorption Studies of MCB 3.3 Reusability of Magnetic Carbonised Banana Peel (MCB) 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Improving B-Bit Minwise Hashing with Addition of Optimal Standard Vectors 1 Introduction 2 One Extra Vector 2.1 Theoretical Resemblance 2.2 Theoretical Variance 2.3 Results 3 2 Extra Vectors 4 Conclusion 5 Future Work and Applications 6 Appendix 6.1 Minwise Hashing and B-Bit 6.2 The Use of Extra Vectors 6.3 1 Extra Vector 6.4 2 Extra Vectors References Biobutanol Biofuel Production via ABE Fermentation from Bread Waste for an Energy-Sustainable Singapore 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Pretreatment 2.2 Experimental Set-up 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References EEG Based Multitasking Assessment Using Simultaneous Spatiotemporal Stimulus 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objective and Hypothesis 2 Method 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Experimental Design 2.3 Experimentation (Covert Attention on SSVEP) 2.4 Experimentation (Overt Attention on SSVEP) 2.5 Data Collection 2.6 Feature Extraction 3 Analysis 3.1 Canonical Correlation Coefficient (CCC) 3.2 Bandpower 3.3 Reaction Time 3.4 Discussion 4 Conclusion 4.1 Practical Application References The Effects of Vermicomposting Soybean Waste (Okara) Biostimulants on the Quality of Growth of Brassica Rapa Var. Parachinensis (Commonly Known as Choy Sum) 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Biostimulant Production 2.2 Plant Growth 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Novel Combination of Plantar Pressure and Lower Limb Rotation Measurements Towards Monitoring and Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References IoT Smart Trolley System for Healthcare 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Design of IoT Smart Trolley System 3.1 Architecture of IoT Smart Trolley System 3.2 Related Technologies 4 System Implementstion 4.1 Hardware Setup 4.2 Software Development 4.3 Security Processes 5 Testings 5.1 Modular Testing 5.2 Integration Testing 5.3 System Testing 6 Conclusions References Portable Precision Ellipsometer for Analysis of Molecular Layers 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Modulator 2.2 Self-tuning Generator 2.3 Photodetector and Digital Lock-In Detection 3 Results 3.1 Experiments in Air 3.2 Experiments in Water 4 Further Discussion and Possible Improvements 5 Conclusion References Incorporating Dilemma Reasoning into Modern SAT Solvers 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Boolean Satisfiability Problem 2.2 DPLL+CDCL Solvers 2.3 Stalmårck's Method 3 Parallel SAT-Solvers with Dilemma Reasoning 3.1 Decomposition 3.2 Knowledge Sharing 3.3 Maximising Computing Resources 3.4 Pseudocode 4 Methods and Results 4.1 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Evaluating the Effectiveness of Audio, Visual and Behavioural Calibrations on EEG-Based Relaxation Training 1 Background 2 Research Methodology and Experiment 2.1 Experimental Set-Up 2.2 Experimental Sequence 3 Analysis and Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Empirical Evaluation of Perimetry and Electrophysiology Methods in Visual Field Assessment 1 Background 2 Objective and Methodology 3 Experiment Design and Data Collection 4 Statistical Analysis and Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Improving the Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Silicon-Metal Based Anodes 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Synthesising Active Compounds 2.2 Electrode Fabrication 2.3 Battery Fabrication 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Structure and Morphology 3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 3.3 Galvanostatic Cycling (GC) 4 Conclusion and Future work References Enhancing the Capabilities of a Water Dielectric Resonator Antenna to Support Wireless Charging 1 Introduction 2 Aims 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Protective Effect of Bacopasides on 7-Ketocholesterol Induced Damage in Human Brain Endothelial Cells 1 Background and Purpose of Research 2 Hypothesis 3 Methodolody 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion 5.1 Future Works References Using Sorbents for Subsurface Oil Spill Cleanups Study in Saline and Fresh Water Using Optical Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Methods of Cleaning Up Oil Spills 3 Analysis of Sorbents 4 Materials 5 Equipment and Methods 6 Colorimeter 7 Results 8 Discussion 9 Conclusion Appendix References Investigation on the Effects of Different Concentrations of Nitrogen on the Growth of Ocimum Basilicum 1 Introduction 2 Aim and Hypothesis 3 Literature Review 4 Materials 5 Methodology 6 Results and Discussions 7 Conclusion 8 Limitations 9 Future Work References From Waste to Worth: Silver Recovery and Its Electrochemical Transformation to Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Silver Recovery from COD Waste 2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon 2.3 Evaluation of Activated Carbon for Antibacterial Potential 2.4 Evaluation of Activated Carbon for Adsorption Capacity 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Silver Recovery from COD Waste 3.2 Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon 3.3 Evaluation of Activated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment and Antibacterial Potential 3.4 Effectiveness in Improving the Adsorption Capacity of GAC 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Isolation and Characterization of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Phages from the Environment 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Future Studies 5 Conclusion References FTIR and SEM Study on the Degradation of Microplastics 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Implications and Conclusions References Membrane Synthesis for Commercially Viable Osmotic Power Generation by Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Bioremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Water Through Application of Bioengineered Shewanella oneidensis 1 Introduction 1.1 Global Issue of Arsenic-Contamination in Consumable Water 1.2 Current Strategies of As-Removal 1.3 Biofilms as a Bioremediation Strategy for As-Removal 1.4 Genetic Fusion to Exploit MR-1 Biofilm Advantages 1.5 Our Study 2 Methodology 2.1 Conditions 2.2 Biofilm 3 Results 3.1 As-Sorption in Planktonic State 3.2 As-Sorption in Biofilm State 4 Discussion 4.1 As-Sorption Analyses in M Show Potential in Enhanced as Sequestration 4.2 Higher as Sequestration in Planktonic Than Biofilm State 4.3 Comparison with Conventional Filtration Techniques 5 Future Studies 6 Conclusion Appendix 1: Synthetic Groundwater (SGW) Recipe Appendix 2: Standard Curves of As(III) and As(V) Methodology Appendix 3: Preparation of Wild-Type and Recombinant S. oneidensis MR-1 Methodology Appendix 4: Preparation of As in Synthetic Groundwater Methodology Appendix 5: Calculation of As-Sorption Using the Molybdenum Blue As-Colorimetric Assay Method Methodology Appendix 6: Preparation of WT and M Biofilms Methodology References Analyzing Recursive Sequences by Big Data Technologies 1 Introduction: The Fibonacci Sequence and Conventional Proof of it's General Formula 2 Proof of Fibonacci Sequence General Formula using Big Data Technologies 3 Deriving Ramanujan's Approximation from Stirling's Approximation for the Factorial 4 Creating a Higher-Order Approximation for n! using Big Data Technologies 5 Conclusions References Machine Learning Using Satellite Remote Sensing to Predict Agricultural Yield of Cash Crops in USA 1 Introduction 2 Support Vector Machine (SVM) Model 2.1 Simple and Multiple Linear Regression Models 2.2 Evaluation Metrics 3 Implementation 3.1 USDA Yield Data and Crop Masks 3.2 Landsat-8 Images and Mosaicking 3.3 Visualization and Analysis of NDVI and EVI Layers 3.4 Reducer Function and Time Series Charts 3.5 SVM Linear and Multiple Regression Models 4 Results 4.1 R2 Summary Table 4.2 Control Experiment 4.3 Experiment Results and Observations 5 Conclusion References DNA Proximity Circuit a Universal Platform for Analyzing Biomarkers 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Preparation of Working Solutions for SPC and HCR 2.2 Real-Time Fluorescence Measurement for Fluorophore Quencher (F–Q) HCR and SPC 2.3 Cell Culture Andimaging 2.4 Cell Lysate Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Evaluating SPC Circuit Performance 3.2 MiRNA Detection Using SPC 3.3 Receptor Dimer Detection and Visualization 3.4 Comparison with Common Signal Amplification Methods 4 Conclusion References Wireless Interface for Electrical Impedance Tomography 1 Introduction 2 Existing Solution and Need for Evolution 3 Tools 4 System Design and Description 4.1 Data Acquisition by EIT Device 4.2 Data Transmission Through Wireless Interface 4.3 Data Processing and Imaging in Computer 4.4 Surface Electrode Measurements 4.5 Architecture of EIT Device 4.6 SPI Protocol 4.7 Data Transmission Using Wireless Interface 4.8 Data Processing 4.9 MATLAB Program and Tomographic Imaging 5 Procedure and Results 5.1 Connecting ESP32-PICO-KIT to Local Wi-Fi Network 5.2 Familiarizing and Controlling GPIO of ESP32-PICO-KIT Using Web Interface 5.3 Determining Roles of ESP32-PICO-KIT and Computer in Wireless Data Transfer 5.4 Transfer and Plotting of ECG Data 5.5 Transfer, Processing and Tomographic Imaging of Data from EIT Device 6 Future Works 6.1 Enhancing Web-Based GUI (Graphical User Interface) 6.2 Power Management and Optimisation 6.3 Testing the EIT Device Using Different Chest Models 6.4 Automation of Data Imaging 7 Conclusion References Wearable Physiological Stress Monitoring System—A Proof-of-Concept Study 1 Introduction 2 System Design and Testing Method 2.1 Design Implementation 2.2 Experiment Testing 3 Results 3.1 Skin Response Reading 3.2 Pulse Reading 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Fabrication of Microbial Fuel Cells Powered by Soil-Based Electrogenic Microbes and Wastewater as a Novel Method for Electricity Generation and Wastewater Purification Via a Novel Hybrid Process 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Construction of a Double-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell 2.3 Preparation of Compost 2.4 Removal of Ammonium and Nitrate from Wastewater via the MFC 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of MFC Using Varied External Resistances 3.2 Gram Staining of Soils 3.3 Analysis of Electrodes by SEM 3.4 Characterization of Common Soils by EDS 3.5 Comparison of Voltage Output Between Different Terminal Electron Acceptors Used at the Cathode 3.6 Efficiencies of Ammonium and Nitrate Removal 3.7 Optimization of MFC for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment and Power Generation 4 Conclusion References Synthesis of Photocatalytic Iron(III) Fumarate Metal Organic Framework Microrods for the Degradation of Organic Dyes 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Synthesis of Iron(III) Fumarate MOF 2.2 Determination of Effectiveness of Iron(III) Fumarate MOF in Degrading Dyes 2.3 Analysis of the Photocatalytic Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals by Iron(III) Fumarate MOF 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of Iron(III) Fumarate MOF by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 3.2 Effect of Concentration of Reactant Solutions on Iron(III) Fumarate MOF 3.3 Effect of Presence of Visible Light and Hydrogen Peroxide on Degradation of Dyes 3.4 Comparison of Iron(III) Fumarate MOF with Conventional Photocatalysts 3.5 Determination of the Band Gap of Iron(III) Fumarate MOF Synthesized 3.6 Photocatalytic Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals by Iron(III) Fumarate MOF 3.7 Proposed Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye 4 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Work References Aerosol Jet Printed Temperature Sensor for Wireless Healthcare Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Overall System Description 2.2 Prototype Design and Material Choice 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Wireless Network System 3.2 Printing Related Results 3.3 Discussion 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Facile and One-Step Synthesis of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles for Removal of Phosphate and Lead(II) Ions 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Preparation of Banana Peel Extract 2.3 Total Polyphenol Content of Banana Extracts 2.4 Synthesis of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles 2.5 Effect of Initial Concentration 2.6 Effect of pH 2.7 Comparing the Performance of Zirconium Oxide with Lime and Activated Carbon 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 SEM Images of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles 3.2 Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) 3.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 3.4 Comparison of Adsorption of Phosphate Using ZrO2 Nanoparticles and CaO 3.5 Comparison of Adsorption of Pb2+ Using ZrO2 Nanoparticles and Activated Carbon 3.6 Effect of pH on Adsorption of Phosphate by ZrO2 Nanoparticles 3.7 Effect of pH on Adsorption of Pb2+ Ions by Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles 3.8 Isotherm Studies 4 Conclusion and Future Work References A Novel Electrochemical Enhancement of Activated Carbon Fibres for the Purification of Contaminated Pharmaceutical Effluents 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials 2.2 Electro-sorption by ACF 2.3 Isotherm Studies on ACF and Electrochemically Enhanced ACF 2.4 Reusability Studies on ACF 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Electrochemical Enhancement of the Adsorption Capacity of ACF for Acetone 3.2 Isotherm Studies 3.3 Regeneration and Electrochemical Regeneration of ACF 3.4 Construction of Prototype for Integrated Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater 4 Conclusion References Investigating the Use of Phosphate Removing Organisms in Bioremediation 1 Introduction 2 Objectives and Hypotheses 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Hypotheses 3 Methods and Materials 3.1 Experimental Variables 3.2 Procedure 4 Results 4.1 Phosphate Removal Test 4.2 Effect of pH on Phosphate Removal 4.3 Synergistic Effects in Phosphate Removal 4.4 Phosphate Removal by Immobilised S. cerevisiae Cells 4.5 Phosphate Removal by Living/Non-living Cells 4.6 Reusability of Immobilised S. Cerevisiae 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Security Development with an Industrial Device for SCADA System 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Work Scope 2 Literature Review 2.1 Firewall Technology 2.2 Modbus 2.3 Iptables 3 Design and Implementation 3.1 Single Board Computer 3.2 Installation and Configuration of Operating System 3.3 Migration of Firewall 4 Results and Evaluation 4.1 Bypass Functionality Check 4.2 Firewall Performance 5 Conclusion and Future Works References Investigating the Effect of Phytoextracts on Protecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Oxidative Stress 1 Introduction 2 Objectives and Hypotheses 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Hypotheses 3 Methods and Materials 3.1 Experimental Variables 3.2 Procedure 4 Results 4.1 Effect of Phytoextracts on Yeast Cells After UV Exposure 4.2 Effect of Phytoextracts on Yeast Cells Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide 4.3 Effect of Phytoextracts on Yeast Cells Treated with Ethanol 4.4 DPPH Antioxidant Assay 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Development of a First-Aid Smart Assistant Device Using IoT Technology and Augmented Reality 1 Introduction 1.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 1.2 Augmented Reality (AR) 1.3 IoT and AR Integrated Application in First-Aid 2 Method 2.1 Design Thinking Process 2.2 Actuation and Prototyping Process 3 Methodology and Results 3.1 Google Assistant and Dialogflow 3.2 Result of AI Development 3.3 IBM Watson Visual Recognition 3.4 Xcode 3.5 Result of IR Application 3.6 Vuforia and Unity AR Application 3.7 Adobe Premiere Pro CC 3.8 XCode 3.9 Result of AR Application 4 Conclusion Annex References The Synthesis and Design of Nanoparticles for Measuring Traction Forces in Living Cells 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Synthesis of PNIPAM Particles 2.2 Inverted Confocal Microscopy 2.3 Cell Culture 2.4 Dynamic Light Scattering 2.5 FIJI 3 Results 4 Discussion Appendix: Dynamic Light Scattering References An Investigation into the Ability of Mesocarp of Durian, Lemon, Pomelo and Sweet Orange in Reducing Residual Nitrite Content in Processed Meat Products 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion Appendix—Data from Findings References Novel Therapeutic Strategy Suppresses Mosquito Saliva-Enhanced CHIKV Infection 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Rationale 2 Methodology 2.1 Cell Culture and Cell Seeding [11, 12] 2.2 Cell Viability Assay [13] 2.3 Virus Infection and Protein X Treatment 2.4 Blocking of Host Receptors with Antagonists [14] 2.5 Flow Cytometry [15] 2.6 Viral Load Determination 2.7 Gene Expression Study [16] 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References