اختراع آمریکایی‌ها در عصر کشف: روایت‌های برخورد

Inventing Americans in the Age of Discovery traces the linguistic, rhetorical, and literary innovations that emerged out of the first encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples of the Americas. Through analysis of six texts, Michael Householder demonstrates the role of language in forming the identities or characters that permitted Europeans (English speakers, primarily) to adapt to the unusual circumstances of encounter. Arranged chronologically, the texts examined include John Mandeville's Travels, Richard Eden's English-language translations of the accounts of Spanish and Portuguese discovery and conquest, George Best's account of Martin Frobisher's voyages to northern Canada, Ralph Lane's account of the abandonment of Roanoke, John Smith's writings about Virginia, and John Underhill's account of the Pequot War. Through his analysis, Householder reveals that English colonists did not share a universal, homogenous view of indigenous Americans as savages, but that the writers, confronted by unfamiliar peoples and situations, resorted to a mixed array of cultural beliefs, myths, and theories to put together workable explanations of their experiences, which then became the basis for how Europeans in the colonies began transforming themselves into Americans. Introduction: encounter, invention, narration Narrating encounter: The book of John Mandeville Translation, compilation, and triangulation: Richard Eden's invention of English discovery Evolutions of racial discourse: George Best and the narration of English-Inuit encounters, 1576-1578 Bruites and conspiracies: Ralph Lane's narration of native counter-intelligence "[Y]et hee so demeaned himselfe": John Smith's confidence games Terror and tears in New England: gender, violence, victimhood, and American identity Conclusion: the significance of encounter from an early Americanist perspective. Through an in-depth analysis of writings by John Mandeville, Richard Eden, George Best, Ralph Lane, John Smith and John Underhill, this study traces the selection, combination, adaptation and invention of rhetorical strategies that English-speaking Europeans used to make sense of their encounters with the Americas. The author explores how these rhetorical strategies enabled European colonists to form new ways of understanding themselves and their relationship to the indigenous inhabitants. Analyzes the linguistic, rhetorical, and literary innovations that emerged out of the encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples of the Americas. Through analysis of six texts, this book demonstrates the role of language in forming the identities or characters that permitted Europeans to adapt to the unusual circumstances of encounter.