Introduction to the Physics of Cohesive Sediment Dynamics in the Marine Environment (Volume 56) (Developments in Sedimentology, Volume 56)

This book is an introduction to the physical processes of cohesive sediment in the marine environment. It focuses on highly dynamic systems, such as estuaries and coastal seas. Processes on the continental shelf are also discussed and attention is given to the effects of chemistry, biology and gas. The process descriptions are based on hydrodynamic and soil mechanic principles, which integrate at the soil-water interface. This approach is substantiated through a classification scheme of sediment occurrences in which distinction is made between cohesive and granular material. Emphasis is also placed on the important interactions between turbulent flow and cohesive sediment suspensions, and on the impact of flow-induced forces on the stability of the seabed. An overview of literature on cohesive sediment dynamics is presented and a number of new developments are highlighted, in particular in relation to floc formation, settling and sedimentation, consolidation, bed failure and liquefaction and erosion of the bed. Moreover, it presents a summary on methods and techniques to measure the various sediment properties necessary to quantify the various parameters in the physical-mathematical model descriptions. A number of examples and case studies have been included. Front Cover Introduction to the Physics of Cohesive Sediment in the Marine Environment Copyright Page TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Boundary layer flow 2.1 Hydrodynamics and mass balance 2.2 The boundary layer 2.3 The effect of surface waves Chapter 3. The nature of cohesive sediment 3.1 The composition of cohesive sediment 3.2 Skeleton fabric composition of cohesive sediment 3.3 Geotechnical classification of cohesive sediment 3.4 Cohesive sediment in the marine environment Chapter 4. Flocculation processes 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Fractal structure of mud flocs4.3 Flocculation model 4.4 Flocculation time Chapter 5. Settling and sedimentation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Settling velocity and floc size 5.3 Deposition and sedimentation Chapter 6. Sediment-fluid interaction 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sediment-fluid interaction -literature overview 6.3 Sediment-induced buoyancy effects 6.4 Sediment-fluid interaction in the benthic boundary layer Chapter 7. Self-weight consolidation 7.1 Introduction -- classical theory 7.2 The Gibson consolidation equation 7.3 Special cases of the Gibson equation. 7.4 Material functions for the Gibson equation7.5 Application of Gibson's equation 7.6 Fractal description of bed structure 7.7 Consolidation as an advection-diffision process using fractal theory 7.8 Material functions for fractal approach 7.9 Application of fractal approach 7.10 Approximated solution of consolidation equation Chapter 8. Mechanical behaviour 8.1 The seafloor as a multi-phase system 8.2 Stress-strain relations 8.3 Failure mechanisms 8.4 Cyclical behaviour 8.5 Strain-rate dependent behaviour Chapter 9. Erosion and entrainment. 9.1 Phenomenological description of erosion9.2 Literature on erosion 9.3 Classification scheme for erosion 9.4 Entrainment of fluid mud layers 9.5 Erosion as a drained/undrained process Chapter 10. Biological effects 10.1 The role of vegetation 10.2 Bio-deposition 10.3 Bio-stabilisation 10.4 Bio-destabilisation Chapter 11. Gas in cohesive sediment 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Gas-related processes in sediment 11.3 Biogenic gas production 11.4 Thermodynamic equilibrium of gas in water 11.5 Bubble mechanics 11.6 Channel formation References Appendix A: Nomenclature. Appendix B: Definitions and useful relationsAppendix C: Measuring techniques C. 1 Composition and properties of the sediment-water mixture C.2 Particle size distribution C.3 Sediment concentration and density C.4 Rheological parameters C.5 Soil mechanical parameters C.6 Settling velocity C.7 Erodibility Appendix D: Tensor analysis D.1 The stress tensor D.2 The strain tensor D.3 The strain-rate tensor D.4 Momentum and energy equations Appendix E: The 1DV POINT MODEL E. 1 The 1DV-equations E.2 Numerical implementation of the 1 DV-equations E.3 Requirements for numerical accuracy. Front Cover; Introduction to the Physics of Cohesive Sediment in the Marine Environment; Copyright Page; TABLE OF CONTENTS; Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Boundary layer flow; 2.1 Hydrodynamics and mass balance; 2.2 The boundary layer; 2.3 The effect of surface waves; Chapter 3. The nature of cohesive sediment; 3.1 The composition of cohesive sediment; 3.2 Skeleton fabric composition of cohesive sediment; 3.3 Geotechnical classification of cohesive sediment; 3.4 Cohesive sediment in the marine environment; Chapter 4. Flocculation processes; 4.1 Introduction.;This book is an introduction to the physical processes of cohesive sediment in the marine environment. It focuses on highly dynamic systems, such as estuaries and coastal seas. Processes on the continental shelf are also discussed and attention is given to the effects of chemistry, biology and gas. The process descriptions are based on hydrodynamic and soil mechanic principles, which integrate at the soil-water interface. This approach is substantiated through a classification scheme of sediment occurrences in which distinction is made between cohesive and granular material. Emphasis is als. "This book presents a thorough overview of the literature on cohesive sediment dynamics and highlights a number of new developments, in particular in relation to floc formation, settling and sedimentation, consolidation, stresses within the bed and bed failure and liquefaction and erosion of the bed. Moreover, it presents a summary on methods and techniques to measure the sediment properties necessary to quantify the various parameters in the physical-mathematical model descriptions. Recipes for problem solving have deliberately been omitted, but a number of examples and case studies have been included."--BOOK JACKET This book is an introduction to the physical processes of cohesive sediment in the marine environment. It focuses on highly dynamic systems, such as estuaries and coastal seas. Processes on the continental shelf are also discussed and attention is given to the effects of chemistry, biology and gas. The process descriptions are based on hydrodynamic and soil mechanic principles, which integrate at the soil-water interface. This approach is substantiated through a classification scheme of sediment occurrences in which distinction is made between cohesive and granular material. Emphasis is also pl The earth's surface is almost entirely covered with larger or smaller amounts of cohesive sediment, or mud as it generally referred to, with the exception perhaps of some deserts and some parts of the ocean seabed.