Introduction To Sociological Theory - Theorists, Concepts, and Their Applicability to The Twenty First Century

Combining carefully chosen primary quotes with extensive discussion and everyday illustrative examples, this book provides an in-depth introduction to classical and contemporary theory.Uses a wide range of newspaper examples to illustrate the relevance to sociological theoryContains excerpts from theorists' primary textsIncludes chapter-specific glossaries of all theoretical concepts discussed in the bookShort biographies and historical timelines of significant events provide context to various theorists' ideasIncorporates a range of pedagogical featuresSupporting website includes multiple choice and essay questions, PowerPoint slides, a quotation bank, and other background materials Visit(http://www.wiley.com/go/dillon) www.wiley.com/go/dillon for additional student and instructor resources. Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts, and Their Applicability to the Twenty-First Century......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 List of Boxed Features......Page 13 List of Figures......Page 17 Acknowledgments......Page 19 How to Use This Book......Page 21 Introduction: Welcome to Sociological Theory......Page 23 ANALYZING SOCIAL LIFE......Page 26 SOCIETAL TRANSFORMATION AND THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY......Page 34 EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESS AND AUGUSTE COMTE’S VISION OF SOCIOLOGY......Page 39 THE SOCIOLOGICAL CRAFT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY......Page 44 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 48 GLOSSARY......Page 49 NOTES......Page 50 REFERENCES......Page 51 CHAPTER ONE KARL MARX (1818–1883)......Page 53 EXPANSION OF CAPITALISM......Page 56 CAPITALISM AS STRUCTURED INEQUALITY......Page 58 MARX’S THEORY OF HISTORY......Page 59 DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM......Page 60 MARX’S VISION OF COMMUNISM......Page 61 THE MILLENNIUM’S GREATEST THINKER......Page 62 HUMAN NATURE......Page 63 MATERIAL AND SOCIAL EXISTENCE INTERTWINED......Page 64 PRIVATE PRoPERTY......Page 65 THE PRODUCTION OF PROFIT......Page 66 THE COMMODIFICATION OF LABOR POWER......Page 67 PROFESSIONAL SPORTS: THE COMMODIFICATION OF LABOR POWER IN ACTION......Page 69 WORK: LIFE SACRIFICE......Page 71 WAGE-LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE......Page 72 THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND ALIENATION......Page 74 ALIENATED LABOR......Page 75 THE OPPRESSION OF CAPITALISTS......Page 80 ECONOMIC INEQUALITY......Page 81 MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO......Page 83 FREEDOM TO SHOP......Page 85 IDEOLOGY OF CONSUMPTION......Page 86 THE MYSTICAL VALUE OF COMMODITIES......Page 87 THE CAPITALIST SUPERSTRUCTURE......Page 89 THE RULING POWER OF MONEY IN POLITICS......Page 91 SUMMARY......Page 92 GLOSSARY......Page 93 NOTES......Page 95 REFERENCES......Page 96 CHAPTER TWO EMILE DURKHEIM (1858–1917)......Page 99 SCIENTIFIC SOCIOLOGY: THE STUDY OF SOCIAL FACTS......Page 102 STUDYING SOCIAL FACTS AS THINGS......Page 104 THE NATURE OF SOCIETY......Page 106 THE CONSTRAINT OF SOCIETAL EXPECTATIONS......Page 108 AN ARMY OF ONE......Page 109 CHANGE AND RESISTANCE......Page 110 TRADITIONAL SOCIETY......Page 111 THE SOCIETAL ABSORPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL......Page 112 MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY......Page 113 MODERN SOCIETY......Page 114 SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE......Page 116 THE DENSITY OF SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 117 THE MORAL-SOCIAL BASIS OF CONTRACT......Page 118 SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF SUICIDE......Page 120 ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE......Page 121 EGOISTIC SUICIDE......Page 122 ANOMIC SUICIDE......Page 124 ANOMIE THAT FOSTERS SOCIAL COHESION......Page 128 RELIGION AND THE SACRED......Page 129 SACRED BELIEFS AND RITUALS......Page 130 THE ASSEMBLING OF COMMUNITY......Page 132 SUMMARY......Page 133 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 134 GLOSSARY......Page 135 NOTES......Page 136 REFERENCES......Page 137 CHAPTER THREE MAX WEBER (1864–1920)......Page 139 CULTURE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY......Page 143 THE PROTESTANT ETHIC......Page 144 THE REFORMATION......Page 145 SALVATION AND PREDESTINATION......Page 147 RATIONAL SELF-REGULATION AND SELF-CONTROL......Page 148 PROTESTANT-WESTERN INDIVIDUALISM......Page 149 IDEAL TYPES......Page 150 VALUE-RATIONAL ACTION......Page 151 INSTRUMENTAL RATIONAL ACTION......Page 152 NON-RATIONAL ACTION......Page 154 WANTING A CHILD: EMOTION, VALUES, AND INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY......Page 155 POWER, AUTHORITY, AND DOMINATION......Page 157 THE LEGAL AUTHORITY OF THE STATE......Page 158 BUREAUCRACY......Page 161 CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY......Page 163 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION......Page 165 SOCIAL STATUS......Page 166 POLITICAL POWER......Page 168 SCIENCE AND VALUES......Page 169 THE VALUE NEUTRALITY OF SCIENCE......Page 170 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 171 GLOSSARY......Page 173 NOTES......Page 174 REFERENCES......Page 175 CHAPTER FOUR TALCOTT PARSONS AND ROBERT MERTON: FUNCTIONALISM AND MODERNIZATION......Page 177 TALCOTT PARSONS......Page 178 DEVELOPING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY......Page 179 PARSONS’S INTELLECTUAL DEBT TO WEBER AND DURKHEIM......Page 180 THE SOCIAL SYSTEM......Page 181 NORMATIVE REGULATION......Page 183 SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIETAL INTEGRATION......Page 184 SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION, CULTURE, AND THE SECULARIZATION OF PROTESTANTISM......Page 185 RELIGION AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL INTEGRATION......Page 186 PATTERN VARIABLES......Page 188 THE DOCTOR–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP......Page 189 CHANGE IN THE MEDICAL SYSTEM......Page 191 MODERNIZATION THEORY......Page 193 AMERICAN SOCIETY AS THE PROTOTYPE OF MODERNIZATION......Page 194 FUNCTIONALISM OF SEX ROLES......Page 195 ROBERT MERTON’S MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY......Page 197 SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES......Page 198 STRAIN BETWEEN CULTURE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE......Page 199 NIKLAS LUHMANN: SYSTEMS THEORY......Page 201 JEFFREY ALEXANDER: THE CIVIL SPHERE......Page 202 SUMMARY......Page 203 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 204 GLOSSARY: PARSONS......Page 205 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 206 REFERENCES......Page 207 CHAPTER FIVE CRITICAL THEORY TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS: TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS......Page 209 CRITICAL THEORY......Page 213 TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS......Page 215 DIALECTIC OF ENLIGHTENMENT......Page 218 TECHNOLOGY AS SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 220 SOCIETY’S RATIONAL CONTROL OF NATURE......Page 222 TECHNOLOGY AND PROFIT......Page 223 CULTURE OF ADVERTISING......Page 225 CONTROLLED CONSUMPTION......Page 226 MEDIA REALITY......Page 228 ACTIVE CONSUMERS AND AUDIENCES......Page 229 TECHNOLOGY AS POLITICAL CONTROL......Page 230 JÜRGEN HABERMAS: THE STATE AND SOCIETY......Page 233 LEGITIMATION CRISES......Page 234 COMMUNICATION AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE......Page 235 DISTORTED COMMUNICATION......Page 237 SUMMARY......Page 238 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 239 GLOSSARY......Page 240 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 241 REFERENCES......Page 242 CHAPTER SIX CONFLICT, POWER, AND DEPENDENCY IN MACRO-SOCIETAL PROCESSES......Page 243 RALF DAHRENDORF’S THEORY OF GROUP CONFLICT......Page 244 CONFLICT GROUPS......Page 246 CLASS CONFLICT IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY......Page 247 THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF CLASS CONFLICT......Page 248 THE MULTIPLICITY OF CONFLICT GROUPS......Page 249 THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS......Page 250 THE POWER ELITE......Page 251 SHIFTS IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE POWER ELITE......Page 252 WOMEN IN THE POWER ELITE......Page 253 DEPENDENCY THEORY: NEO-MARXIST CRITIQUES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 255 CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT......Page 256 DEPENDENCY RELATIONS IN ECONOMIC UNDERDEVELOPMENT......Page 258 CHALLENGES TO MODERNIZATION THEORY......Page 261 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 262 GLOSSARY......Page 263 REFERENCES......Page 264 CHAPTER SEVEN EXCHANGE, EXCHANGE NETWORK, AND RATIONAL CHOICE THEORIES......Page 267 EXCHANGE THEORY......Page 268 GEORGE HOMANS: INDIVIDUAL ACTORS IN SOCIAL EXCHANGE......Page 269 PETER BLAU: SOCIAL EXCHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONS......Page 271 EXCHANGE NETWORK THEORY......Page 274 POWER AND MISTRUST IN SOCIAL EXCHANGE NETWORKS......Page 275 THE INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF TRUST......Page 276 THE STRENGTH OF WEAK TIES......Page 277 ACTOR–NETWORK THEORY (ANT)......Page 279 RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY......Page 282 HUMAN CAPITAL AND SOCIAL CAPITAL......Page 283 NEGOTIATING SCARCE RESOURCES......Page 284 MARRIAGE: STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS ON SELF-INTEREST......Page 285 CLASS LOCATIONS......Page 287 SUMMARY......Page 288 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 289 GLOSSARY: ACTOR–NETWORK THEORY (ANT)......Page 290 NOTE......Page 291 REFERENCES......Page 292 CHAPTER EIGHT SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM......Page 295 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 296 SOCIALIZATION......Page 298 BEYOND THE SELF: THE CONVERSATION OF GESTURES......Page 300 THE PREMISES OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM......Page 301 ERVING GOFFMAN: SOCIETY AS RITUALIZED SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 303 SOCIAL ROLES......Page 304 PERFORMANCE PRESSURE......Page 305 ESTABLISHING THE DEFINITION OF THE SITUATION......Page 306 INTERACTION RITUALS......Page 308 NON-VERBAL RITUALIZED INTERACTION......Page 309 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT......Page 310 MANAGING OUR AUDIENCES......Page 312 STIGMA......Page 313 PASSING......Page 314 INSTITUTIONAL FRAME ANALYSIS......Page 315 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH......Page 316 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 317 GLOSSARY......Page 318 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 319 REFERENCES......Page 320 CHAPTER NINE PHENOMENOLOGY AND ETHNOMETHODOLOGY......Page 323 PHENOMENOLOGY......Page 324 HERE-AND-NOW, EVERYDAY REALITY......Page 325 EVERYDAY REALITY AS THE SOCIAL REALITY......Page 327 ORDERED REALITY......Page 328 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DIVERSITY......Page 329 THE STRANGER......Page 330 THE HOMECOMER......Page 331 SYMBOLIC UNIVERSES......Page 334 ETHNOMETHODOLOGY......Page 335 THE CORONER’S OFFICE: ESTABLISHING HOW INDIVIDUALS DIED AND LIVED......Page 336 PRODUCING AN ORDERED REALITY......Page 338 GENDER AS AN ACCOMPLISHED REALITY......Page 339 BREACHING EXPERIMENTS......Page 341 CONVERSATION ANALYSIS......Page 342 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 343 GLOSSARY: PHENOMENOLOGY......Page 344 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 345 REFERENCES......Page 346 CHAPTER TEN FEMINIST THEORIES......Page 349 CONSCIOUSNESS OF WOMEN’S INEQUALITY......Page 352 STANDPOINT THEORY: DOROTHY SMITH AND THE RELATIONS OF RULING......Page 355 ADVERTISING FEMININITY......Page 356 RULING TEXTS AND THE EXCLUSION OF EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES......Page 357 KNOWING FROM WITHIN LOCAL EXPERIENCES......Page 359 WOMEN’S REALITIES......Page 360 NEGOTIATING TWO WORLDS SIMULTANEOUSLY......Page 362 A FEMINIST SOCIOLOGY: THE STANDPOINT OF WOMEN......Page 363 DOING ALTERNATIVE SOCIOLOGY......Page 364 MASCULINITY......Page 366 PATRICIA HILL COLLINS: BLACK WOMEN’S STANDPOINT......Page 368 BLACK WOMEN’S HISTORY: SLAVERY AND COMMUNITY......Page 369 CULTURAL OPPRESSION......Page 370 BLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT......Page 371 SOCIAL INTERSECTIONALITY......Page 372 ACTIVIST KNOWLEDGE......Page 373 SEXUAL INTEGRITY......Page 375 SOCIOLOGY OF EMOTION......Page 376 ARLIE HOCHSCHILD: EMOTIONAL LABOR......Page 377 GENDERED DIVISION OF EMOTIONAL LABOR......Page 378 PAID EMOTIONAL LABOR......Page 379 GOING BEYOND SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM......Page 380 SUMMARY......Page 384 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 385 GLOSSARY......Page 386 NOTES......Page 387 REFERENCES......Page 388 CHAPTER ELEVEN MICHEL FOUCAULT THEORIZING SEXUALITY, THE BODY, AND POWER: THEORIZING SEXUALITY, THE BODY, AND POWER......Page 391 DISCIPLINING THE BODY......Page 392 BIO-POWER......Page 394 THE INVENTION OF SEXUALITY......Page 395 THE PRODUCTION OF BODY DISCOURSE......Page 396 PRODUCING TRUTH......Page 397 SEX AND THE CONFESSING SOCIETY......Page 398 THE PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF POWER......Page 399 MASKING POWER......Page 400 RESISTING/REPRODUCING POWER......Page 401 SOCIOLOGY’S HETEROSEXIST BIAS......Page 402 NORMALIZING HOMOSEXUALITY......Page 403 PROBLEMATIZING SEXUALITY......Page 405 THE QUEERING OF SOCIAL THEORY......Page 407 THE REBELLIOUS CHARACTER OF QUEER THEORY......Page 408 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 410 GLOSSARY......Page 411 REFERENCES......Page 412 CHAPTER TWELVE RACE, RACISM, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF RACIAL OTHERNESS......Page 415 THE COLOR LINE......Page 417 THE CREATION OF OTHERNESS......Page 419 THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF OTHERNESS......Page 421 SOCIAL CHANGE, RACE, AND RACISM......Page 422 RACE AND RACISM......Page 423 CONSTRUING WHITENESS......Page 425 CULTURAL HISTORIES AND POST-COLONIAL IDENTITIES......Page 427 SLAVERY AS SOCIAL DOMINATION, SOCIAL DEATH......Page 429 WILLIAM DU BOIS: SLAVERY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY......Page 430 TRANSFORMING RACIAL-SOCIAL INEQUALITY......Page 431 GENDER EQUALITY......Page 432 THE BLACK MIDDLE CLASS......Page 433 THE BLACK CLASS DIVIDE......Page 434 RACE, COMMUNITY, AND DEMOCRACY......Page 435 SCARRING OF BLACK AMERICA......Page 436 BLACK POPULAR CULTURE......Page 438 NEW RACIAL POLITICS......Page 439 RACIAL LINES AS CULTURE LINES......Page 441 NEW RACISM......Page 442 NEW RACISM AND GENETIC TECHNOLOGY......Page 443 SUMMARY......Page 444 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 445 GLOSSARY......Page 446 REFERENCES......Page 447 CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE SOCIAL REPRODUCTION OF INEQUALITY: PIERRE BOURDIEU’S THEORY OF CLASS AND CULTURE......Page 449 CULTURAL CAPITAL......Page 451 SOCIAL CAPITAL......Page 452 ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CAPITAL IN STRATIFYING SOCIETY......Page 454 FAMILY AND SCHOOL IN THE PRODUCTION OF CULTURAL CAPITAL......Page 455 BOURDIEU’S IMPACT ON THE SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION......Page 456 SOCIAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF BOURDIEU’S ANALYSIS......Page 458 THE CLASS CONDITIONING OF TASTE......Page 460 GENDERED TASTES, GENDERED BODIES......Page 463 UPPER-CLASS TASTE......Page 464 THE CULTURE GAME......Page 465 WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?......Page 466 TASTE IN THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY......Page 467 ENDLESS STRATIFICATION......Page 468 SUMMARY......Page 469 GLOSSARY......Page 470 NOTES......Page 471 REFERENCES......Page 472 CHAPTER FOURTEEN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION......Page 473 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?......Page 478 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION......Page 479 IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN: THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM......Page 480 MODERN WORLD-ECONOMY......Page 481 WORLD-SYSTEMS IN CONTRAST TO WORLD-EMPIRES......Page 482 THE STATE IN THE EXPANSION OF CAPITALISM......Page 483 CHANGING CONTEXT OF THE CORE–PERIPHERY WORLD......Page 484 WORLD-ECONOMY CRISIS......Page 485 THE TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION......Page 486 GLOBAL FINANCIAL CAPITALISM......Page 487 HIGH-SPEED, AUTOMATED, AND FLUID FINANCE......Page 490 GLOBAL CITIES AS FINANCIAL CAPITALS......Page 491 CLASS INEQUALITY......Page 492 GLOBALIZING POLITICAL PROCESSES: THE CHANGING AUTHORITY OF THE NATION-STATE......Page 494 ECONOMICS AND POLITICS: THE NEW IMPERIALISM......Page 495 THE STATE’S NEGOTIATION OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL FORCES......Page 496 THE IMPOTENT POST-NATIONAL STATE?......Page 497 THE DENATIONALIZED STATE......Page 499 MIGRATION AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION IN A TRANSNATIONAL WORLD......Page 500 ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENTS......Page 503 ALTERNATIVE VISIONS OF GLOBALIZATION......Page 504 THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT......Page 505 SUMMARY......Page 507 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 508 GLOSSARY: OTHER RELEVANT CONCEPTS......Page 509 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW......Page 510 REFERENCES......Page 511 CHAPTER FIFTEEN MODERNITIES, COSMOPOLITANISM, AND GLOBAL CONSUMER CULTURE......Page 513 CONTRITE MODERNITY......Page 515 POST-SECULAR SOCIETY......Page 516 MULTIPLE MODERNITIES......Page 517 CHINESE MODERNITY......Page 519 SOUTH KOREAN MODERNITY......Page 520 GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY......Page 521 COSMOPOLITAN MODERNITY......Page 523 COSMOPOLITAN IMPERATIVES......Page 525 THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS......Page 527 WHO IS MY NEIGHBOR?......Page 528 GLOBAL CONSUMER CULTURE......Page 530 CULTURAL HOMOGENIZATION......Page 531 EVERYDAY CULTURAL REMIX......Page 532 THE AESTHETICIZATION OF REALITY: LAS VEGAS AND DUBAI......Page 534 COMMODIFICATION AND SIMULATION......Page 536 DISEMBEDDEDNESS AND DILEMMAS OF THE SELF......Page 537 SUMMARY......Page 538 POINTS TO REMEMBER......Page 539 GLOSSARY......Page 540 REFERENCES......Page 541 GLOSSARY......Page 543 SOCIOLOGICAL THEORISTS AND SELECT KEY WRITINGS......Page 563 INDEX......Page 567 The extensively revised and updated second edition combines carefully chosen primary quotes with wide-ranging discussion and everyday illustrative examples to provide an in-depth introduction to classical and contemporary sociological theory. Combines classical and contemporary theory in a single, integrated text Short biographies and historical timelines of significant events provide context to theorists'ideas Innovatively builds on excerpts from original theoretical writings with detailed discussion of the concepts and ideas under review Includes new examples of current social processes in China, South Korea, India, Latin America, the Middle East, and other non-Western societies Additional resources, available at www.wiley.com/go/dillon, include multiple choice and essay questions, PowerPoint slides with multimedia links to content illustrative of sociological processes, a list of complementary primary readings, a quotation bank, and other background materials The extensively revised and updated second edition combines carefully chosen primary quotes with wide-ranging discussion and everyday illustrative examples to provide an in-depth introduction to classical and contemporary sociological theory.Combines classical and contemporary theory in a single, integrated textShort biographies and historical timelines of significant events provide context to theorists' ideasInnovatively builds on excerpts from original theoretical writings with detailed discussion of the concepts and ideas under reviewIncludes n