Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry, Second Edition

An Introduction to Solar Radiation is an introductory text on solar radiation, with emphasis on the methods of calculation for determining the amount of solar radiation incident on a surface on the earth. Topics covered include the astronomical relationship between the sun and the earth; thermal radiation; the solar constant and its spectral distribution; and extraterrestrial solar irradiation. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with an overview of the trigonometric relationships between the sun-earth line and the position of an inclined surface, followed by a discussion on the characteristics of blackbody radiation. The next chapter focuses on the solar constant and its spectral distribution, paying particular attention to extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance and the sun's blackbody temperature. Subsequent chapters explore extraterrestrial and radiation incident on inclined planes; the optics of a cloudless-sky atmosphere; solar spectral radiation and total (broadband) radiation under cloudless skies; and solar radiation arriving at horizontal surfaces on the earth through cloudy skies. The ground albedo and its spectral and angular variation are also described, along with insolation on inclined surfaces. The last chapter is devoted to instruments for measuring solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. This monograph will serve as a useful guide for energy analysts, designers of thermal devices, architects and engineers, agronomists, and hydrologists as well as senior graduate students. Introduction to Radiometry and Photometry, Second Edition Contents Introduction End Notes Acknowledgments 1 Fundamental Concepts of Radiometry 1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 1.2 Terminology Conventions 1.3 Wavelength Notations and Solid Angle 1.4 Fundamental Definitions 1.5 Lambertian Radiators and Lambert’s Cosine Law 1.6 Radiance, Irradiance, Intensity, and Flux Relationships 1.7 Connection with Electromagnetic Theory 1.8 Polarization 1.9 Photon Flux 1.10 Radiometric Information End Notes 2 Fundamental Concepts of Photometry 2.1 Light 2.2 Photometric Definitions 2.2.1 Radiation Luminous Efficacy, K and the V-lambda Function 2.2.2 Lighting System Luminous Efficacy,Ks 2.3 Luminance and Brightness 2.4 Luminance and Vision 2.5 Disability Glare 2.6 Discomfort Glare 2.7 Illumination 2.7.1 Illuminance Selection End Notes 3 Blackbodies and Other Sources 3.1 Blackbody Radiation 3.2 Planck’s Law 3.3 Wien Displacement Law 3.4 Luminous Efficacy of Blackbody Radiation 3.5 Color and Distribution Temperatures 3.6 Emission Into an Imperfect Vacuum 3.7 Radiation Exchange 3.8 Experimental Approximation of a Blackbody 3.9 Other Real Sources End Notes 4 Source/Receiver Flux Transfer Calculations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geometry and Definitions 4.2.1 Case 1 4.2.2 Case 2 4.2.3 Case 3 4.2.4 Case 4 4.2.5 Case 5 4.2.6 Case 6 4.2.7 Case 7 4.3 Configuration Factor 4.4 Net Exchange of Radiation 4.5 Summary End Notes 5 The Invariance of Radiance and the Limits of Optical Concentration 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Radiance Is a Field Quantity 5.3 Pencils of Rays 5.4 Elementary Beam Of Radiation 5.5 Radiance Invariance 5.6 Radiance Invariance at an Interface 5.7 Radiance Through a Lens 5.8 Radiance in Absorbing and Scattering Media 5.9 Concentrating Radiance Meter 5.10 The Limits of Optical Concentration End Notes 6 Optical Properties of Materials 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Terminology 6.3 Surface and Interface Optical Proper 6.3.1 Conductor Optical Properties 6.3.2 Nonconductor Optical Properties 6.3.3 Surface Emission Properties 6.3.4 Angular Dependence of Dielectric Optical Properties 6.3.5 Rough Surfaces 6.4 Bulk Medium Optical Properties 6.5 Properties of Plane Parallel Plates 6.5.1 Nonscattering Media 6.5.2 Scattering Media 6.6 Angular Dependence 6.7 Broadband Angle Properties 6.7.1 Transmittance and Reflectance Equations 6.7.2 Specular and Diffuse Optical Properties 6.8 Spectral Dependence 6.9 Broadband Spectral Properties 6.10 Spectral Selectivity End Notes 7 The Detection of Radiation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basic Concepts 7.3 Classification of Detectors 7.3.1 Thermal Detectors 7.3.2 Photemissive Detectors 7.3.3 Semiconductor Devices 7.3.4 Multielement Detectors, Charge Transfer Devices, and Imagers 7.4 Detector Noise 7.5 Signal Modulation and Radiation Chopping 7.6 Characterization of Detector Performance 7.6.1 Responsivity, R 7.6.2 Quantum Efficiency, η 7.6.3 Noise Equivalent Power, NEP 7.6.4 Detectivity, D 7.6.5 Photon Noise-Limited Performance 7.7 Flux Conditoning Prior to the Detector 7.7.1 Cosine Response Correction 7.7.2 Photopic Correction 7.7.3 Spectral Filtering 7.8 Signal Conditioning Affer the Detector 7.9 Detector Calibration 7.10 Example Detectors and Their Characteristics End Notes 8 Optical Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Optical Axis 8.3 Idealized (Thin) Lens Theory 8.4 Radiance and Irradiance of Images 8.5 Vignetting 8.6 Aberrations 8.6.1 Spherical Aberration 8.6.2 Chromatic Aberration 8.6.3 Distortion 8.6.4 Coma 8.6.5 Astigmatism 8.6.6 Field Curvature 8.6.7 Correctiug Aberrations 8.6.8 The Diffraction Limit 8.7 Image Quality 8.8 Flux Distribution 8.9 Nonimaging Optical Systems 8.10 Throughput 8.11 Integrating Spheres 8.11.1 Cosine Correction 8.11.2 Transmissometers and Reflectometers 8.12 Monochromators 8.12.1 Spectral Filters 8.12.2 Scanning Monochromators 8.13 Windows 8.14 Sources 8.15 Goniometers 8.16 Transmissometers/Reflectometers 8.17 Scattering Meters, Nephelometers, Turbidimeters, and Haze Meters End Notes 9 Radiometers and Photometers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 General Design Factors 9.3 Broadband Irradiance and Radiance Meters 9.4 Restricted Spectral Band Irradiance Meters for the Ultraviolet through the Infrared 9.5 Illuminance and Luminance Meters 9.6 Spectroradiometers 9.7 Calibration of Radiometers and Photometers 9.7.1 Transfer Standards 9.7.2 Broadband Irradiance Standard Sources 9.7.3 Standard Sources for Spectral Irradiance and Spectral Radiance 9.7.4 Absolute Radiometry 9.7.5 Standard Illuminance and Luminance Sources 9.7.6 Radiometer/Photometer Calibration Using Standar Sources 9.7.7 Spectroradiometer Calibration 9.7.8 National Standards Laboratories ann Instrument Organizations End Notes 10 Metric Primer and Additional Radiometric and Photometric Quantities and Units 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The SI System of Units 10.2.1 Basic Metric Principles 10.2.2 Metric Units for Radiometry and Photometry 10.3 The I-P System of Units 10.4 Photon Flux Units 10.5 Other Quantities and Units End Notes 11 Virtual Measurement: Computerized Optical Ray Trace Analysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ray Tracing in Radiometry and Photometry 11.3 Rays and Their Limitations in Ray Tracing Programs 11.4 Computerized Optical Ray Tracing Methodology 11.5 The Ray Tracing Process 11.6 Analysis of Results End Notes 12 Basic Concepts of Color Science 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basic Concepts And Definitions 12.3 Systems of Color Specification 12.3.1 Munsell Color System 12.3.2 CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) Color Space 12.3.3 Tristimulus Colorimetry 12.4 CIE 1931 Color System 12.5 CIE 1964 Supplementary Observer Color System 12.6 CIE 1976 Uniform Color Space 12.7 Color Temperature 12.8 Standard Illuminants and Reflection Colorimetry 12.8.1 Blackbody Illuminants 12.8.2 Daylight IIIuminants 12.8.3 Reflection Colorimetry 12.9 Color Rendering Index 12.10 Color Software End Notes Appendix A Correspondence Between Finite Elements and the Calculus A.1 Introduction A.2 Definition of the Derivative A.3 Definition of the Integral A.4 Integrals As Sums A.5 Sums over Solid Angles End Notes Appendix B Table of Physical and Mathematical Constants About the Author Index This second edition of an Artech House classic title describes in detail the relationship between radiometry and photometry. It covers information needed to solve problems in radiation transfer and detection, detectors, measuring instruments, and concepts in colorimetry. This revised second edition presents an updated treatment of modern radiometry and photometry, including brand new sections on applications and developments in light sources and scientific instruments for measuring radiation and light. Engineers are also provided with an exciting new chapter on the use of computerized optical ray tracing for "virtual" experiments on optical systems. -- page 4 of cover This second edition of an Artech House classic title describes in detail the relationship between radiometry and photometry. It covers information needed to solve problems in radiation transfer and detection, detectors, measuring instruments, and concepts in colorimetry. This revised second edition presents an updated treatment of modern radiometry and photometry, including brand new sections on applications and developments in light sources and scientific instruments for measuring radiation and light. Engineers are also provided with an exciting new chapter on the use of computerized optical ray tracing for virtualù experiments on optical systems. Includes risk management, enterprise resource planning, outsourcing, combinatorial synthesis and technology, functional foods, process automation, electronic chemicals, specialty silicones, mergers and acquisitions, nanoparticles, bioinformatics, ISO 14000, micron-scale chemical analysis, medical applications of biodegradable materials, product development, strategies, drug discovery strategies, chemistry of aging, single-site catalysis, custom manufacturing, and global chemical market analysis The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology presents a wide scope of articles on chemical substances-including their properties, manufacturing, and uses. It also focuses on industrial processes and unit operations in chemical engineering, as well as covering fundamentals and scientific subjects related to the field. Additionally, environmental and health issues concerning chemical technology are also addressed Presents a wide scope of articles on chemical substances, properties, manufacturing, and uses; on industrial processes, unit operations in chemical engineering; and on fundamentals and scientific subjects related to the field. Describes established technology along with cutting edge topics of interest in the wide field of chemical technology