Introduction to Radiation Protection: Practical Knowledge for Handling Radioactive Sources (Graduate Texts in Physics)

This account of sources of ionizing radiation and methods of radiation protection describes units of radiation protection, measurement techniques, biological effects, environmental radiation and many applications. Each chapter contains problems with solutions. 3642025854 Introduction to Radiation Protection Preface Contents 1 Introduction 2 Units of Radiation Protection 2.1 Supplementary Information 2.2 Problems 3 Basic Nuclear Physics 3.1 Supplementary Information 3.2 Problems 4 Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter 4.1 Detection of Charged Particles 4.2 Detection of Neutrons 4.3 Detection of Photons 4.4 Supplementary Information 4.5 Problems 5 Detectors for Radiation Protection 5.1 Ionization Chamber 5.2 Proportional Counters and Geiger--Müller Counters 5.3 Scintillation Counters 5.4 Semiconductor Counters 5.5 Neutron Dosimeters 5.6 Personal Dosimeters 5.7 Measurement of Incorporations and Contaminations 5.8 Supplementary Information 5.9 Problems 6 International Safety Standards for Radiation Protection 6.1 European Directive 6.2 American Directive 6.3 Other Countries 6.3.1 Australia 6.3.2 Brazil 6.3.3 Canada 6.3.4 China 6.3.5 India 6.3.6 Japan 6.3.7 Mexico 6.3.8 Russia 6.3.9 South Africa 6.4 Supplementary Information 6.5 Problems 7 Organization of Radiation Protection 7.1 Supplementary Information 7.2 Problems 8 Practical Safety Measures 8.1 Licensing 8.2 Design Approval 8.3 Arrangements for Fire Fighting 8.4 Arrangements for Mitigating the Consequences of Severe or Design-Basis Accidents 8.5 Instruction and Training 8.6 Protection of Air, Water, and Soil 8.7 Special Reasons for Radiation Exposure 8.8 Handling of Unsealed Radioactive Sources 8.9 Medical Supervision 8.10 Storage and Security of Radioactive Substances 8.11 Bookkeeping 8.12 Waste Treatment and Storage of Radioactive Waste 8.13 Packaging and Transport 8.14 Supplementary Information 8.15 Problems 9 Radiation Sources 9.1 Particle Radiation 9.2 Photon Sources 9.3 Neutron Sources 9.4 Cosmic-Ray Sources 9.5 Supplementary Information 9.6 Problems 10 X Rays and X-Ray Regulations 10.1 Supplementary Information 10.2 Problems 11 Environmental Radioactivity 11.1 Cosmic Rays 11.2 Terrestrial Radiation 11.3 Incorporation of Radioisotopes 11.4 Radiation Exposure by Technical Installations 11.5 Supplementary Information 11.6 Problems 12 Nuclear Power Plants 12.1 Nuclear-Fission Reactors 12.2 Fusion Reactors 12.2.1 Inertial Fusion 12.2.2 Fusion by Magnetic Containment 12.3 Supplementary Information 12.4 Problems 13 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 13.1 Supplementary Information 13.2 Problems 14 Radiation Accidents 14.1 Supplementary Information 14.2 Problems 15 Non-Ionizing Radiation 15.1 Supplementary Information 15.2 Problems 16 Solutions to the Problems 16.1 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 2 16.2 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 3 16.3 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 4 16.4 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 5 16.5 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 6 16.6 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 7 16.7 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 8 16.8 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 9 16.9 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 10 16.10 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 11 16.11 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 12 16.12 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 13 16.13 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 14 16.14 Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 15 Formulary 17 Written Test on Radiation Protection 17.1 Problems 17.2 Solutions for the Written Test 18 Radiation-Protection Glossary Appendixes A Table of Frequently Used Radioisotopes B Exemption Limits for Absolute and Specific Activities C Maximum Permitted Activity Concentrations Discharged from Radiation Areas D Examples of Limits for Surface Contaminations E Definition of Radiation Areas F Radiation Weighting Factors wR G Tissue Weighting Factors wT H Physical Constants I Useful Conversions J List of Abbreviations K List of Elements L Decay Chains M List of Isotopes Frequently Used in Nuclear Medicine and Radiology N Critical Organs for Various Radioisotopes O Simplified Table of Isotopes and Periodic Table of Elements P Decay-Level Schemes Q Introduction into the Basics of Mathematics Q.1 Derivatives and Integrals Q.2 Exponential Function Q.3 Natural Logarithm Further Reading Photo Credit for Commercial Products Index The book presents an accessible account of the sources of ionising radiation and the methods of radiation protection. The basics of nuclear physics which are directly related to radiation protection are briefly discussed. The book describes the units of radiation protection, the measurement techniques, biological effects of radiation, environmental radiation, and many applications of radiation. For each chapter there is a problem section with full solutions. A detailed glossary and many useful information in appendixes complete the book. The author has addressed the issue of internationality to make sure that the text and, in particular, the complicated regulations can be easily interpreted not only in Europe and the United States but also in other countries. The subject of radiation protection requires a certain amount of mathematics. For those who have forgotten the basic rules of calculus a short refresher course in the form of a mathematical appendix is added.