Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Dispensing, Delivery, Targeting and Regulations of Biotechnological Products (Volume 3) (IPH001 (Volume 3))

__Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Animal tissue culture and biopharmaceuticals__provides background information on all aspects of this fascinating subject, including stem cell treatment, __in vitro__ organ systems and cell culture technology. This book and the previous two volumes are a must read for undergraduate pharmacy and biotechnology students. PRELIMS.pdf 1 Preface 14 Acknowledgements 15 Author biography 16 Saurabh Bhatia 16 CH001.pdf 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to animal tissue culture science 17 1.1 Introduction 17 1.2 Historical background 18 1.3 Types of cell cultures 19 1.4 Primary cell culture 22 1.4.1 Mechanical disaggregation 22 1.4.2 Enzymatic disaggregation 23 1.4.3 Primary explant technique 25 1.5 Segregation of non-viable cells from viable cells 26 1.6 Ethical issues in animal tissue culture 26 1.7 Safety considerations in animal tissue culture 27 1.8 Cell lines (first subculture or passage) 27 1.8.1 Types of cell lines 27 1.8.2 Standard nomenclature of cell lines 28 1.8.3 Cell line selection 30 1.8.4 Verification of a cell line 30 1.8.5 Characterization of cell lines 31 1.8.6 Misidentification of cell lines 31 1.8.7 Maintenance of a cell line 32 1.9 Subculture 33 1.9.1 Monolayer cultures 34 1.9.2 Procedures for cell detachment 34 1.10 Suspension cultures 37 1.10.1 Cell synchronization 38 1.10.2 Cell synchronization by chemical means 39 1.10.3 Cell synchronization by physical means 39 1.11 Algal extracts in animal tissue culture 40 1.12 Animal and plant tissue culture 40 1.13 Biomaterials and animal tissue culture 41 1.14 Nanotechnology and biotechnology 42 References 43 CH002.pdf 1 Chapter 2 Organ culture 47 2.1 Organ culture 47 2.1.1 Organ culture techniques 48 2.1.2 Plasma clot 49 2.1.3 Raft methods 53 2.1.4 Grid method 53 2.1.5 Agar gel 54 2.1.6 Cyclic exposure to the medium and gas phase 54 2.2 Histotypic culture 56 2.2.1 Gel and sponge technique 57 2.2.2 Hollow fiber technique 57 2.2.3 Spheroids 57 2.2.4 Rotating chambers 60 2.3 Artificial skin 64 References 69 CH003.pdf 1 Chapter 3 Stem cell culture 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Embryonic stem cells 76 3.3 Epithelial stem cells 79 3.3.1 Stratified epithelial cell culture 81 3.3.2 Columnar epithelial cell culture 83 3.4 Cancer cell culture 83 3.5 Maintenance of stem cells 84 3.6 Adult stem cells 85 3.7 Applications of cultured stem cells 86 3.7.1 Stem cell applications in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics 88 3.7.2 Other applications 90 References 92 CH004.pdf 1 Chapter 4 Culture media for animal cells 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.1.1 Natural media 99 4.1.2 Artificial media 100 4.2 Physical and chemical properties of culture media 101 4.2.1 pH 101 4.2.2 Oxygen 101 4.3 Balanced salt solutions (BSS) 105 4.4 Growth medium 105 4.4.1 The role of amino acids in animal culture 109 4.4.2 Vitamins 110 4.4.3 Micro-nutrients 110 4.4.4 Glucose 113 4.4.5 Hormones and growth factors 113 4.4.6 Additional organic supplements 114 4.5 Serum 115 4.5.1 Proteins 116 4.5.2 Nutrients and metabolites 116 4.5.3 Growth factors 117 4.5.4 Hormones 118 4.5.5 Carrier proteins 118 4.5.6 Lipids and related components 119 4.5.7 Transition metals 119 4.5.8 Vitamins 119 4.5.9 Polyamines 120 4.5.10 Reducing agents 120 4.5.11 Additives 120 4.5.12 Adhesion factors 120 4.6 Bioreactors in animal tissue culture 121 4.7 Serum-free media 122 4.7.1 Preparation of serum-free media 124 References 125 CH005.pdf 1 Chapter 5 Animal tissue culture facilities 132 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Infrastructural requirements 132 5.3 Equipment 133 5.4 Culture vessels 133 5.4.1 Materials used for culture vessels 136 5.4.2 Types of culture vessel 136 5.4.3 Cell culture vessel treatment 137 5.4.4 Non-adhesive substrates 139 5.5 Sterilization procedures in animal tissue cultures 139 5.5.1 Biological contamination 140 5.6 Aseptic conditions 144 5.7 Sterilization procedures 146 5.7.1 Dry heat sterilization/depyrogenation 147 5.7.2 Chemical methods of sterilization 147 5.7.3 Filtration 148 5.7.4 Moist heat sterilization 149 5.8 Advantages and disadvantages of animal tissue culture 151 5.9 Safety regulations for animal tissue culture laboratories 151 5.9.1 Biohazards 157 References 157 CH006.pdf 1 Chapter 6 Characterization of cultured cells 164 6.1 Introduction 164 6.1.1 Calcium-dependent proteins (cadherins) 166 6.1.2 Calcium-independent proteins 166 6.1.3 Proteoglycans 166 6.2 Cell proliferation, differentiation and metabolism 167 6.3 Characterization of cultured cells 169 6.4 Parameters of characterization 170 6.4.1 DNA profiling or analysis of gene expression 170 6.4.2 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or chromosome painting 170 6.4.3 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) analysis 171 6.4.4 Lineage or tissue markers 172 6.4.5 Unique markers 179 6.4.6 Transformation 179 6.5 Characterization of stem cells 189 6.5.1 Comparative genomic hybridization 191 6.5.2 Epigenetic profiling 191 6.5.3 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 192 6.5.4 Karyotyping 194 6.5.5 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis 194 6.5.6 Pluripotency markers (proteins) 195 6.5.7 Stem cell arrays 196 6.5.8 Flow cytometry 197 6.6 Applications of animal cell cultures 199 6.6.1 Biopharmaceuticals from animal tissue culture 199 6.6.2 High value proteins 200 6.6.3 Co-culturing of mammalian cells and algae 200 References 202 CH007.pdf 1 Chapter 7 Role of pharmacists in delivering biotechnological products 211 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 The role of the pharmacist 212 7.3 The route of administration for biopharmaceuticals 212 7.4 Development of biopharmaceuticals 217 7.5 Basic requirements for biotechnology based products 218 7.6 Strategies adopted by pharmacists for dealing with biopharmaceuticals 219 7.6.1 Utilization of hematopoietic growth factors 220 7.6.2 Training for intramuscular administration 221 7.6.3 Pegnology and biopharmaceuticals 223 7.6.4 Biopharmaceutical distribution and preparation 224 7.6.5 Distribution 225 7.6.6 Excretion 226 7.6.7 Metabolism/catabolism 228 7.6.8 Anti-drug antibodies 228 7.6.9 Glycosylation 229 7.6.10 Toxicology 229 7.7 Protein crystals for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals 230 7.8 Patient care, education, training and follow-up 231 7.9 Physical factor assessment (related to the serious medical history of the patient) 231 7.10 Emotional and environmental factor assessment 232 7.11 Knowledge of products and suitable delivery systems 232 7.12 Preservatives and biopharmaceuticals 232 7.13 Dosing schedules 233 7.14 Education regarding adverse effects and prevention strategies for most biopharmaceuticals 234 7.15 Treatment with adjuvant 235 7.16 Dosage errors 235 7.17 Proper supply 236 7.18 Familiarity with terminology and the biotechnological literature 236 7.19 Dealing with expensive biopharmaceuticals 236 7.20 Generic biopharmaceuticals 237 7.21 Collaboration between pharmacies, wholesalers and manufacturers 239 7.22 Reimbursement issues and biopharmaceuticals 239 7.23 Third party reimbursement issues with biopharmaceuticals 240 7.24 Affordable therapy and biopharmaceuticals 240 7.25 Information on the right reimbursement policy for biopharmaceuticals 240 7.26 Direct reimbursement of biopharmaceuticals 241 7.27 Dispensing fee reimbursement when dealing with biopharmaceuticals 241 7.28 Proper refrigeration of biopharmaceuticals 241 7.29 Stock management of biopharmaceuticals 242 7.30 Drug loss due to premature discontinuation of medications 242 7.31 The future pharmacist who can efficiently deal with biopharmaceuticals 242 7.32 Stability issues of biopharmaceuticals 243 References 253 This third volume in the Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology trilogy looks at the fundamental knowledge related to animal tissue culture science such as organ culture, stem cell culture, culture media, animal tissue culture facilities, stem cell culture and current advancements in biopharmaceuticals. This book and the previous two volumes are a must read for undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy and biotechnology students, research scholars and academics. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Animal tissue culture and biopharmaceuticals provides background information on all aspects of this fascinating subject, including stem cell treatment, in vitro organ systems and cell culture technology. This book and the previous two volumes are a must read for undergraduate pharmacy and biotechnology students.