Introduction to cancer biology : a concise journey from epidemiology through cell and molecular biology to treatment and prospects

'This concise overview of the fundamental concepts of cancer biology is ideal for those with little or no background in the field. A summary of global cancer patterns introduces students to the general principles of how cancers arise and the risk factors involved. By focusing on fundamental examples of the signalling pathways within cells, the functional effects of DNA damage are explained. Later chapters then build on this foundation to provide a comprehensive summary of the major signalling pathways that affect tumour development. Current therapeutic strategies are reviewed, along with a discussion of methods for tumour detection and biomarker identification. Finally, the impact of whole genome sequencing is discussed, bringing students up to date with key recent developments in the field. From basic principles to insights into cutting-edge research, this book will enable the reader to move into the cancer field with confidence'--Provided by publisher. A Concise Journey from Epidemiology through Cell and Molecular Biology to Treatment and Prospects......Page 1 A Concise Journey from Epidemiology through Cell and Molecular Biology to Treatment and Prospects......Page 3 Contents......Page 5 Acknowledgements......Page 9 Introduction......Page 11 Gene nomenclature......Page 15 Incidence......Page 17 Deaths......Page 18 UK and USA......Page 19 Europe......Page 20 The rest of the world......Page 23 Latin America......Page 24 China......Page 25 Africa......Page 26 Age......Page 27 Where do we stand and is there any good news?......Page 29 China......Page 33 Alcohol......Page 34 MYC is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation......Page 35 Introduction......Page 36 Radiation......Page 37 Ionising radiation......Page 38 Radon......Page 42 Ultraviolet radiation......Page 44 Low-frequency magnetic fields......Page 45 High-frequency magnetic fields (mobile phones)......Page 46 Tobacco......Page 47 Alcohol......Page 49 Diet: epidemiological studies......Page 51 Folate......Page 53 Fibre......Page 54 Obesity......Page 55 Stress......Page 56 Introduction......Page 60 Enzyme-coupled receptors......Page 61 Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)......Page 63 Intracellular signalling from activated tyrosine kinase receptors......Page 65 Activating RAS and MAPK......Page 67 Sustained versus transient activation of RAS and MAPK......Page 69 MYC is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation......Page 70 MYC and proliferation......Page 73 Cytokine receptors......Page 74 G-protein-coupled receptors......Page 75 Steroid hormones......Page 76 Collecting mutations......Page 82 Genetic roulette......Page 83 The cancer genomic landscape......Page 84 Mutations in `cancer genes ́: oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes......Page 85 Oncogenes......Page 86 The first human oncogene......Page 87 What turns a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?......Page 88 A single base change: RAS......Page 89 Other coding mutations: the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)......Page 90 Gene amplification: MYC......Page 91 Chimeric protein: BCR-ABL1, PML-RARA and ETV6-RUNX1......Page 94 Complete loss of a gene......Page 100 Tumour suppressor genes......Page 101 What does the retinoblastoma protein do?......Page 103 Tumour protein 53 (TP53 aka p53)......Page 104 p53, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and MYC......Page 105 p53 and cancer......Page 106 P53 is not entirely a tumour suppressor......Page 107 DNA repair......Page 108 Hereditary breast cancer......Page 109 Hereditary colon cancer......Page 110 DNA repeats itself......Page 111 Modulating gene expression without mutation: epigenetic changes......Page 112 Micro RNAs (miRNAs)......Page 113 The first human oncogene......Page 117 Introduction......Page 118 Benign tumours......Page 119 The benign-malignant boundary......Page 122 What makes a cancer cell a cancer cell?......Page 123 Cancer cell characteristics......Page 124 Cell growth is largely independent of normal signals......Page 125 Resistance to inhibitory growth signals......Page 126 Resistance to cell death......Page 127 Unlimited replicative capacity......Page 131 Induction of angiogenesis......Page 133 Angiogenic regulators......Page 135 Discovery of angiostatin in a mouse model of metastasis......Page 136 Tumour blood flow and the flexible cancer cell......Page 137 How do cells sense oxygen levels?......Page 140 HIF gives tumour vascular chaos a helping hand......Page 141 The return of Otto Warburg......Page 142 Dormant tumours......Page 146 Inflammation and the immune system......Page 147 The tumour cell environment......Page 148 Primary and malignant tumours......Page 152 Early ideas about metastasis......Page 153 How do tumour cells become metastatic?......Page 154 The epithelial to mesenchymal transition......Page 155 Stem cells......Page 157 How do metastatic tumour cells know where to go?......Page 158 Do metastases metastasise?......Page 161 How does cancer kill you?......Page 162 Introduction......Page 168 The central axis: ARF, MDM2, p53, INK4, RB1......Page 170 MYC and RAS......Page 171 Cancer and cell senescence......Page 172 Tumourigenic DNA viruses......Page 173 Signalling pathways that impact on the central axis......Page 174 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K): survival and apoptosis signalling......Page 176 Death receptors and the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis......Page 178 The JAK-STAT pathway......Page 179 WNT and GPCR signalling......Page 180 Cell adhesion: cadherin signalling......Page 181 Integrin signalling......Page 182 BCR-ABL1......Page 183 The Hedgehog pathway and GLI signalling......Page 184 Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)......Page 185 Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and Notch signalling......Page 187 Cellular responses during tumour development......Page 189 Signalling and systems biology......Page 190 The development of anti-cancer drugs......Page 194 Kinase inhibitors......Page 196 Monoclonal antibodies......Page 197 Anti-angiogenic agents......Page 198 The future of anti-angiogenic agents......Page 199 Liposomal therapy......Page 200 Prophylactic (preventive) vaccines......Page 201 Drug resistance......Page 202 Non-specific effects......Page 203 Positron emission tomography (PET)......Page 204 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)......Page 206 13C hyperpolarisation......Page 209 Optical imaging......Page 211 Proteomics......Page 212 Gene expression profiling......Page 215 Nanotubes, graphene and nanocells......Page 217 Headings25......Page 223 Resistance to cell death......Page 224 Human genome sequencing......Page 225 Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and cancer......Page 231 Chromothripsis......Page 234 Genomic partitioning......Page 236 Genome-wide association (GWA) studies and inherited cancer predisposition......Page 239 Therapeutic strategies for cancer driven by the sequencing revolution......Page 240 Tailoring therapy on the basis of whole genome sequencing......Page 241 BRAF......Page 242 PI3K......Page 243 MYC......Page 244 p53......Page 245 Tumour biomarkers......Page 246 Microfluidics and the isolation of circulating tumour cells......Page 247 Drug development......Page 248 The expanding field of cancer treatment......Page 249 Balancing priorities......Page 252 Appendix A: Tumour grading and staging......Page 257 Tumour staging......Page 258 Examples......Page 259 Appendix B: Targets of specific anti-cancer drugs......Page 261 Class 6 Cell cycle regulators......Page 267 Class 8 Intracellular membrane factor......Page 268 Appendix D: Major tumour suppressor genes......Page 269 Lung cancer......Page 270 Carcinoid......Page 271 Tracheal cancer......Page 272 Stomach (gastric) cancer......Page 273 Liver cancer......Page 274 Colorectal cancer (colon cancer, large bowel cancer)......Page 275 Breast cancer......Page 276 Oesophageal cancer......Page 279 Cervical cancer......Page 281 Pancreatic cancer......Page 283 Prostate cancer......Page 284 Leukaemia......Page 285 Bibliography......Page 292 Appendix A......Page 333 Tumour vascularisation......Page 338 The return of Otto Warburg......Page 339 Inflammation and the immune system......Page 340 Stem cells......Page 341 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3): survival and apoptosis signalling......Page 342 Integrin signalling......Page 343 Signalling and systems biology......Page 344 Positron emission tomography (PET)......Page 345 Metabolomics......Page 346 Burkitt ́s lymphoma......Page 347 Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and cancer......Page 348 BRAF......Page 349 Drug development......Page 350 Tumour staging......Page 351 Index......Page 352 This Concise Overview Of The Fundamental Concepts Of Cancer Biology Is Ideal For Those With Little Or No Background In The Field. A Summary Of Global Cancer Patterns Introduces Students To The General Principles Of How Cancers Arise And The Risk Factors Involved. By Focusing On Fundamental Examples Of The Signalling Pathways Within Cells, The Functional Effects Of Dna Damage Are Explained. Later Chapters Then Build On This Foundation To Provide A Comprehensive Summary Of The Major Signalling Pathways That Affect Tumour Development. Current Therapeutic Strategies Are Reviewed, Along With A Discussion Of Methods For Tumour Detection And Biomarker Identification. Finally, The Impact Of Whole Genome Sequencing Is Discussed, Bringing Students Up To Date With Key Recent Developments In The Field. From Basic Principles To Insights Into Cutting-edge Research, This Book Will Enable The Reader To Move Into The Cancer Field With Confidence-- Lessons From Epidemiology -- Causes Of Cancer -- Signalling In Normal Cells -- 'cancer Genes': Mutations And Cancer Development -- What Is A Tumour? -- Cancer Signalling Networks -- The Future Of Cancer Prevention, Diagnosis And Treatment -- The Future Of Cancer In The Post-genomic Era. Robin Hesketh. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. "This concise overview of the fundamental concepts of cancer biology is ideal for those with little or no background in the field. A summary of global cancer patterns introduces students to the general principles of how cancers arise and the risk factors involved. By focusing on fundamental examples of the signalling pathways within cells, the functional effects of DNA damage are explained. Later chapters then build on this foundation to provide a comprehensive summary of the major signalling pathways that affect tumour development. Current therapeutic strategies are reviewed, along with a discussion of methods for tumour detection and biomarker identification. Finally, the impact of whole genome sequencing is discussed, bringing students up to date with key recent developments in the field. From basic principles to insights into cutting-edge research, this book will enable the reader to move into the cancer field with confidence"-- Provided by publisher Machine generated contents note: Introduction; 1. Lessons from epidemiology; 2. Causes of cancer; 3. Signalling in normal cells; 4. 'Cancer genes': mutations and cancer development; 5. What is a tumour?; 6. Cancer signalling networks; 7. The future of cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment; 8. The future of cancer in the post-genomic era; Ten major cancers at a glance; Appendix. Targets of specific anti-cancer drugs; Glossary; Further reading; Index.