Introduction to aluminium electrolysis : Understanding the Hall-Hérloult process

Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1993. — 212 p. Authors: Trygve Foosnaes, Kai Grjotheim, Reidar Huglen, Halvor Kvande, Bjorn Lillebuen, Thorvald Mellerud, Tormod Naterstad Content: Preface General The Bath Ions and their reactions Alumina The anodes The cathodes Cell lines Cell operation Principles of Energy Balance, Thermochemistry and theoretical energy consumption Basic Principles of Thermodynamics Energy requirements in the Hall-Heroult Process Heat Balance Theory of Molten Salts, Electrolyte properties and influence of Additives Molten Salts Structure of the Electrolyte Effects of Additives on the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Electrolyte Alumina Bauxite The Bayer Process Alumina Specifications Solubility of Alumina Dissolution of Alumina Crust Sludge Alumina Feeding Dry Scrubbing Carbon: Basics and Principles Basic structures of Crystalline Carbon Structural Modifications of Carbon Availabillity of Carbon: Purity and Structure Phase Transitions and Crystallization of Carbon Raw Materials for Hall-Heroult Carbon Products Carbon Manufacturing Applications and Functionality of Carbon in Hall-Heroult Cells Carbon Cathodes Principles of Electrochemistry and Current Efficiency Basic Principles of Electrochemistry Current Efficiency Influence of Magnetic Fields Definitions Problems Involving More Sophisticated Calculation of the Influence of Magnetic Materials on Magnetic Fields Electromagnetic Driving Forces in Molten Metal and Electrolyte Current Distribution in the Metal Pad Metal Flow in Alumina Reduction Cell Variation in Metal Level and Onstabillities of Metal surface Busbar Design Magnetic Fields from Different Busbar Systems of a 230 kA Cell Operation of Alumina Reduction Cells Alumina Feeding Anode Changing Prebaked Anode Adjustments Anode Beam Raising Anode Effect Metal Tapping Bath Tapping Bath and Metal Analyses Bath Temperature Measurement Particular Measurements Process Control of Alumina Reduction Cells Introduction of Computer Technology General Principles of Process Control Alumina Feeding Alumimium Floride Feeding Expert Systems Practical Advances Chemical Technology Automation and Process Control Mechanization Electromagnetics Cathodes Anodes Heat Balance Environmental Control Modernization Soderberg Cells Mathematical Models Increasing Cell Size Lest Cells Current Efficiency Energy Consumption Fundamental Studies Alternative Processes Future Improvements and Needs Alternative Processes Future Improvements and Needs The Ultimate Cell Principles of energy balance, thermochemistry and theoretical energy consumption / K. Grjotheim, R. Huglen and H. Kvande Theory of molten salts, electrolyte properties and influence of additives / K. Grjotheim and H. Kvande Alumina / H. Kvande Carbon basics and principles / T. Foosnaes and T. Naterstad Principles of electrochemistry and current efficiency / R. Huglen, B. Lillebuen and T. Mellerud Influence of magnetic fields / R. Huglen Operation of alumina reduction cells / H. Kvande and K. Grjotheim Process control of alumina reduction cells / H. Kvande Practical advances / K. Grjotheim and H. Kvande.