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Introduction to Air Transport Economics: From Theory to Applications uniquely merges the institutional and technical aspects of the aviation industry with their theoretical economic underpinnings. In one comprehensive textbook it applies economic theory to all aspects of the aviation industry, bringing together the numerous and informative articles and institutional developments that have characterized the field of airline economics in the last two decades as well as adding a number of areas original to an aviation text. Its integrative approach offers a fresh point of view that will find favor with many students of aviation.The book offers a self-contained theory and applications-oriented text for any individual intent on entering the aviation industry as a practicing professional in the management area. It will be of greatest relevance to undergraduate and graduate students interested in obtaining a more complete understanding of the economics of the aviation industry. It will also appeal to many professionals who seek an accessible and practical explanation of the underlying economic forces that shape the industry.The second edition has been extensively updated throughout. It features new coverage of macroeconomics for managers, expanded analysis of modern revenue management and pricing decisions, and also reflects the many significant developments that have occurred since the original's publication. Instructors will find this modernized edition easier to use in class, and suitable to a wider variety of undergraduate or graduate course structures, while industry practitioners and all readers will find it more intuitively organized and more user friendly. Introduction to Air Transport Economics: From Theory to Applications, Second Edition 4 Contents 6 List of Figures 12 List of Tables 16 Glossary of Terms 20 List of Abbreviations 28 About the Authors 32 Acknowledgements 34 Foreword 36 Preface to the Second Edition 38 1 The Evolving Air TransportIndustry 42 The Airline Industry 43 Financial Condition of the Airline Industry 47 Consolidation and Bankruptcies 53 Factors Affecting World Air Traffic Growth 58 Economic Impact of the Air Transport Industry 60 Outlook for the Air Transport Industry 63 Summary 64 Discussion Questions 65 References 65 2 Principles of Economics with Applications in Aviation 68 Basic Economics 69 Scope of Economics 70 The Role of Economic Systems 74 Government Failures and Market Failures 79 Summary 82 Discussion Questions 84 References 84 3 Supply and Demand: Analysis in the Airline Industry 86 Basics of Demand 87 Basics of Supply 103 Market Equilibrium 108 Consumer and Producer Surplus 117 Disequilibrium 121 Elasticity 122 Summary 134 Discussion Questions 135 References 136 4 Cost and Production Analysis: The General Concepts 138 Cost Division 139 Cost Functions 146 Economies of Scale, Scope, and Density 153 Airline Industry Cost Structure 157 Airline Economies of Scale, Scope, and Density 165 Airline Breakeven Analysis 167 Operating Leverage 169 Airline Operating Leverage 171 Summary 171 Discussion Questions 172 Appendix: Airline Cost Classification and Division 173 References 174 5 Aviation Infrastructure: Operations and Ownership 176 Air Traffic Control System 177 Institutional Problems in US Air Traffic Control 182 Air Traffic Control in a Government Corporation 183 Political Obstacles to Reform 184 Solutions to Air Traffic Control Problems 184 Airport Ownership and Management 186 Summary 193 Discussion Questions 193 Appendix 193 References 195 6 International Economics and Aviation 196 Trade Globalization 197 International Economics and Trade 199 Why Nations Trade 207 Aircraft Manufacturing and Governmental Subsidies 214 International Trade Policy in Air Travel — Optimality versus Political Realities 216 Foreign Currency and Exchange Rates 219 Summary 222 Discussion Questions 222 Appendix: International Free Trade Agreements 223 References 227 7 Open Skies and Global Alliances 230 Chronology of International Air Transport Agreements 231 Bilateral and Multilateral Air Service Agreements 232 Open Skies in Europe 239 Open Skies in Asia 240 Global Airline Alliances 242 Summary 251 Discussion Questions 252 References 252 8 Competitive Market Structure and Monopolistic Markets 256 Perfect Competition 257 Monopoly 265 Price/Output Decision for Monopolies 271 Monopoly Pricing and Consumer Well-being 275 Monopoly Market Power in Aviation 276 Monopsony 281 Summary 281 Discussion Questions 282 References 283 9 Hybrid Market Structure and the Aviation Industry 286 Monopolistic Competition 287 Oligopolies 289 Examples of Oligopoly 293 Contestability Theory 297 Kinked Demand Curve Theory 300 Cournot Theory 301 Price–Output Determination under hybrid Market Structure 303 Profitability Issues 306 Competition and Anti-trust Issues 309 Industry Consolidation 313 Beyond Market Concentration Considerations 319 Anti-trust, Market Evolution, and Cooperation 320 Summary 321 Discussion Questions 321 References 322 10 Aviation Forecasting and Regression Analysis 324 Aviation Forecasting Applications 325 Qualitative Forecasting Methods 326 Quantitative Forecasting Methods 330 Descriptive Statistics 331 Time-series Analysis 334 Time-series Forecasting 337 Forecast Accuracy 345 Regression Analysis 349 Data Sources 365 Summary 369 Discussion Questions 369 References 372 11 Dynamic Pricing Policy and Revenue Management 374 Dynamic Pricing Policy 375 Cost-based Pricing 377 Mark up and Price Elasticity of Demand 378 Bundling 379 Unbundling and Airline Ancillary Revenue 380 Market Skimming and Penetration Pricing 381 Peak-load Pricing 382 Price Discrimination 382 Consumer Surplus 383 Necessary Conditions for Price Discrimination 383 Degrees of Price Discrimination 385 Uniform Pricing versus Price Discrimination 386 Importance of Revenue Management 388 Scenario: Uniform versus Multiple Pricing 390 Revenue Management “Fences” 392 Revenue Management Control Types 395 Spoilage and Spillage 397 Leg-based Expected Marginal Seat Revenue Model 399 Overbooking 406 Other Issues Associated with Revenue Management 410 Summary 410 Discussion Questions 411 Appendix: Derivation of Overbooking Probability Equation 412 References 412 12 Low-cost and Start-up Airlines: A New Paradigm 414 The Evolution of the Industry 415 Characteristics of Low-cost Carriers 418 Cost Structure Comparison 429 Incumbent Carriers’ Response to Low-cost Carriers 434 The Future of Low-cost Carriers 437 Summary 438 Discussion Questions 438 Appendix: Select Airline Two Letter Codes 439 References 439 13 The Economics of Aviation Safety and Security 442 The Basics of Aviation Safety 443 The History of Aviation Safety 445 Incentives for Aviation Safety 448 Causes of Aviation Accidents 451 Basic Economics of Safety 459 Politics and Safety Regulation 460 Accident Prevention 461 Summary 463 Discussion Questions 463 References 463 14 An Overview of Macroeconomics for Managers 466 Economic Growth 467 Unemployment 470 Inflation 475 Monetary Policy 480 Fiscal Policy 482 The Sovereign (Government) Debt Crisis 486 Can the US Avoid Greece’s Fate? 488 What is the Future of the World Economy? 490 Summary 491 Discussion Questions 491 References 492 Airport and Airline Codes 494 List of Countries by GDP (2012) 500 Traffic Movements (2012) 502 Passenger Traffic (2010) 504 Index 506 Introduction to Air Transport Economics: From Theory to Applications uniquely merges the institutional and technical aspects of the aviation industry with their theoretical economic underpinnings. In one comprehensive textbook it applies economic theory to all aspects of the aviation industry, bringing together the numerous and informative articles and institutional developments that have characterized the field of airline economics in the last two decades as well as adding a number of areas original to an aviation text. Its integrative approach offers a fresh point of view that will find favor with many students of aviation. The book offers a self-contained theory and applications-oriented text for any individual intent on entering the aviation industry as a practicing professional in the management area. It will be of greatest relevance to undergraduate and graduate students interested in obtaining a more complete understanding of the economics of the aviation industry. It will also appeal to many professionals who seek an accessible and practical explanation of the underlying economic forces that shape the industry. Here is a comprehensive textbook that applies economic theory to all aspects of the aviation industry. Extensively updated throughout, it features new coverage of macroeconomics for managers, expanded analysis of modern revenue management and pricing decisions, and also reflects developments that have occurred since the original's publication. Instructors will find this edition easier to use in class, and suitable for a wider variety of undergraduate or graduate course structures. Industry practitioners will find it more intuitively organized and user friendly This work merges the institutional and technical aspects of the aviation industry with their theoretical economic underpinnings. In one comprehensive textbook, it applies economic theory to all aspects of the aviation industry