Introdução à Econometria: Uma Abordagem Moderna

Terraform has become a key player in the DevOps world for defining, launching, and managing infrastructure as code (IaC) across a variety of cloud and virtualization platforms, including AWS, Google Cloud, Azure, and more. This hands-on third edition, expanded and thoroughly updated for version 1.0 and beyond, shows you the fastest way to get up and running with Terraform. Gruntwork cofounder Yevgeniy (Jim) Brikman takes you through code examples that demonstrate Terraform's simple, declarative programming language for deploying and managing infrastructure with a few commands. Veteran sysadmins, DevOps engineers, and novice developers will quickly go from Terraform basics to running a full stack that can support a massive amount of traffic and a large team of developers. Compare Terraform with Chef, Puppet, Ansible, CloudFormation, and Pulumi Deploy servers, load balancers, and databases Create reusable infrastructure with Terraform modules Test your Terraform modules with static analysis, unit tests, and integration tests Configure CI/CD pipelines for both your apps and infrastructure code Use advanced Terraform syntax for loops, conditionals, and zero-downtime deployment Get up to speed on Terraform 0.13 to 1.0 and beyond Work with multiple clouds and providers (including Kubernetes!) Preface Who Should Read This Book Why I Wrote This Book What You Will Find in This Book Changes from the Second Edition to the Third Edition Changes from the First Edition to the Second Edition What You Won’t Find in This Book Open Source Code Examples Using the Code Examples Conventions Used in This Book O’Reilly Online Learning How to Contact O’Reilly Media Acknowledgments 1. Why Terraform What Is DevOps? What Is Infrastructure as Code? Ad Hoc Scripts Configuration Management Tools Server Templating Tools Orchestration Tools Provisioning Tools What Are the Benefits of Infrastructure as Code? How Does Terraform Work? How Does Terraform Compare to Other IaC Tools? Configuration Management Versus Provisioning Mutable Infrastructure Versus Immutable Infrastructure Procedural Language Versus Declarative Language General-Purpose Language Versus Domain-Specific Language Master Versus Masterless Agent Versus Agentless Paid Versus Free Offering Large Community Versus Small Community Mature Versus Cutting Edge Use of Multiple Tools Together Provisioning plus configuration management Provisioning plus server templating Provisioning plus server templating plus orchestration Conclusion 2. Getting Started with Terraform Setting Up Your AWS Account Installing Terraform Deploying a Single Server Deploying a Single Web Server Deploying a Configurable Web Server Deploying a Cluster of Web Servers Deploying a Load Balancer Cleanup Conclusion 3. How to Manage Terraform State What Is Terraform State? Shared Storage for State Files Limitations with Terraform’s Backends State File Isolation Isolation via Workspaces Isolation via File Layout The terraform_remote_state Data Source Conclusion 4. How to Create Reusable Infrastructure with Terraform Modules Module Basics Module Inputs Module Locals Module Outputs Module Gotchas File Paths Inline Blocks Module Versioning Conclusion 5. Terraform Tips and Tricks: Loops, If-Statements, Deployment, and Gotchas Loops Loops with the count Parameter Loops with for_each Expressions Loops with for Expressions Loops with the for String Directive Conditionals Conditionals with the count Parameter If-statements with the count parameter If-else-statements with the count parameter Conditionals with for_each and for Expressions Conditionals with the if String Directive Zero-Downtime Deployment Terraform Gotchas count and for_each Have Limitations Zero-Downtime Deployment Has Limitations Valid Plans Can Fail Refactoring Can Be Tricky Conclusion 6. Managing Secrets with Terraform Secret Management Basics Secret Management Tools The Types of Secrets You Store The Way You Store Secrets The Interface You Use to Access Secrets A Comparison of Secret Management Tools Secret Management Tools with Terraform Providers Human users Machine users CircleCI as a CI server, with stored secrets EC2 Instance running Jenkins as a CI server, with IAM roles GitHub Actions as a CI server, with OIDC Resources and Data Sources Environment variables Encrypted files Secret stores State Files and Plan Files State files Plan files Conclusion 7. Working with Multiple Providers Working with One Provider What Is a Provider? How Do You Install Providers? How Do You Use Providers? Working with Multiple Copies of the Same Provider Working with Multiple AWS Regions Working with Multiple AWS Accounts Creating Modules That Can Work with Multiple Providers Working with Multiple Different Providers A Crash Course on Docker A Crash Course on Kubernetes Deploying Docker Containers in AWS Using Elastic Kubernetes Service Conclusion 8. Production-Grade Terraform Code Why It Takes So Long to Build Production-Grade Infrastructure The Production-Grade Infrastructure Checklist Production-Grade Infrastructure Modules Small Modules Composable Modules Testable Modules Validations Preconditions and postconditions When to use validations, preconditions, and postconditions Versioned Modules Beyond Terraform Modules Provisioners Provisioners with null_resource External data source Conclusion 9. How to Test Terraform Code Manual Tests Manual Testing Basics Cleaning Up After Tests Automated Tests Unit Tests Unit testing Terraform code Dependency injection Running tests in parallel Integration Tests Test stages Retries End-to-End Tests Other Testing Approaches Static analysis Plan testing Server testing Conclusion 10. How to Use Terraform as a Team Adopting IaC in Your Team Convince Your Boss Work Incrementally Give Your Team the Time to Learn A Workflow for Deploying Application Code Use Version Control Run the Code Locally Make Code Changes Submit Changes for Review Run Automated Tests Merge and Release Deploy Deployment tooling Deployment strategies Deployment server Promotion across environments A Workflow for Deploying Infrastructure Code Use Version Control Live repo and modules repo The Golden Rule of Terraform The trouble with branches Run the Code Locally Make Code Changes Submit Changes for Review Documentation Automated tests File layout Style guide Run Automated Tests Merge and Release Deploy Deployment tooling Deployment strategies Deployment server Promote artifacts across environments Putting It All Together Conclusion A. Recommended Reading Books Blogs Talks Newsletters Online Forums Index Terraform has emerged as a key player in the DevOps world for defining, launching, and managing infrastructure as code (IAC) across a variety of cloud and virtualization platforms, including AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure. This hands-on book is the fastest way to get up and running with Terraform. Gruntwork co-founder Yevgeniy (Jim) Brikman walks you through dozens of code examples that demonstrate how to use Terraform’s simple, declarative programming language to deploy and manage infrastructure with just a few commands. Whether you’re a novice developer, aspiring DevOps engineer, or veteran sysadmin, this book will take you from Terraform basics to running a full tech stack capable of supporting a massive amount of traffic and a large team of developers. - Compare Terraform to other IAC tools, such as Chef, Puppet, Ansible, and Salt Stack - Use Terraform to deploy server clusters, load balancers, and databases - Learn how Terraform manages the state of your infrastructure and how it impacts file layout, isolation, and locking - Create reusable infrastructure with Terraform modules - Try out advanced Terraform syntax to implement loops, if-statements, and zero-downtime deployment - Use Terraform as a team, including best practices for writing, testing, and versioning Terraform code