Intra-Africa migrations : reimaging borders and migration management / edited by Inocent Moyo, Jussi P.Laine and Christopher Changwe Nshimbi

"This book discusses regional and continental integration in Africa by examining the management of migration across the continent. It examines borders and securitisation of migration and the challenges and opportunities that arise out of reconfigured continental demographics. The book offers insights on intra-Africa migrations and highlights how intra-continental migration creates socio-economic and cultural borders. It explores how these borders, beyond the physical boundaries of states, including the Berlin Conference-constructed borders, create cultural divides, challenges for economic integration and cross-border security, and irregular migration patterns. While the movement of economic goods is valued for regional economic integration, the mobility of people is seen as a threat. This approach to migration contradicts the intentions of true integration and development, and triggers negative responses such as xenophobia that cannot be addressed by simply managing the physical border and allowing free movement. This book engages in a pivotal discussion of these issues, which are hitherto missing in African border studies, by demonstrating the ubiquity and overreaching influence of various kinds of borders on the African continent. With multidisciplinary contributions that provide an in-depth understanding of intra-Africa migrations and strategies for enhanced migration management, this book will be a useful resource for scholars and students studying geography, politics, security studies, development studies, African studies and sociology."-- Provided by publisher This book discusses regional and continental integration in Africa by examining the management of migration across the continent. It examines borders and securitisation of migration and the challenges and opportunities that arise out of reconfigured cont Cover 1 Half Title 2 Series Information 4 Title Page 6 Copyright Page 7 Dedication 8 Table of contents 10 List of Figures 13 List of Contributors 14 Abbreviations 17 Foreword 20 Acknowledgements 22 Part One Intra-Africa migrations 24 1 Intra-Africa migrations: An introduction 26 Introduction 26 Borders 28 Securitisation of migration and the impact of European Union (EU) externalisation of borders 29 Migration management, regional and continental integration in Africa 29 Structure of the book 31 Note 34 References 34 Part Two Intra and inter-Africa migrations and implications 38 2 Greener grass on the other side: The border as a facilitator of migration in West Africa 40 Introduction 40 ECOWAS and migration in West Africa 42 Borders and West African migration 44 Navigating the greener grass in Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria 46 Towards a better migration management in West Africa 48 Conclusion 51 Note 51 References 52 3 Unravelling the Nigerian irregular migration quandary to southern Europe in the twenty-first century 54 Introduction 54 Reasons for the upsurge in irregular migration in the twenty-first century 55 A brief overview of irregular migration in Nigeria 58 Benin City and irregular migration 60 The push–pull drivers of Bini irregular migration to Italy 62 Consequences of irregular migration 64 Response mechanisms to irregular migration in Benin City 65 Conclusion and recommendations 67 Notes 68 References 68 4 Irregular emigration of Nigeria youths: An exploration of core drivers from the perspective and experiences of returnee ... 73 Introduction 73 Research methodology 74 Theoretical underpinning 75 Reasons for emigration and migrants’ experiences 78 Push factors 78 Economic reasons 78 Pressure from peers and the desire to make more money 79 Push and support from family 79 The role of human smugglers 80 State of insecurity 81 Experiences of migrants in Libya 81 Core “push” factors responsible for irregular migration in Nigeria 85 Concluding remarks 87 Notes 89 References 89 5 Human mobility in the Southern African Development Community region: Some best practices for migration management from ... 93 Introduction 93 Methods and conceptual context for understanding migration management in regional economic communities in Africa 96 The EU: the developments of regional integration and internal migration 98 Migration policies in the SADC region 101 Transferable best practices 102 Conclusion 104 Notes 104 References 105 Part Three African physical and symbolic borders and the migration question 111 6 Precarity of borders and migration regimes in the Southern African region 112 Introduction 112 Background and context 113 Gated communities as social ordering 116 Securitisation of borders and migration 117 The precarity of the border 118 The SADC borders and the lingering migration question 120 Conclusion 123 Notes 124 References 124 7 Stereotyping and regional integration in the East African community: Challenges and opportunities 129 Introduction 129 Context 130 The community objectives: a vocation at risk 132 Stereotypes: a conceptual guide 134 The emergence of stereotypes and East African integration: Kenya versus Tanzania 137 Testing the stereotype content model in East African integration 140 Conclusion 143 Notes 145 References 145 8 The Maghreb and intra-African migration: One challenge and different strategies 149 Introduction 149 Different and inconsistent migration policies 151 Morocco: an advanced and pragmatic migration policy 151 Algeria: a security-based and reluctant migration policy 152 Tunisia: a hybrid and incomplete migration policy 153 Mauritania: a preliminary and outsourced migration policy 153 Libya: no migration policy, only scattered measures 154 Maghreb migration policy mechanisms 155 Legal mechanisms 155 Security mechanisms 157 Regional cooperation 158 Conclusion 160 References 160 9 Integration, borders and migration in West Africa: Lessons from European Schengen Area 163 Introduction 163 Problematising West African borders 164 Interrogating integration, visa-free and border-free migration in West Africa 168 Lessons from European Schengen Area 170 Towards rethinking integration, migration and borders in West Africa 172 Conclusion 174 Notes 175 References 175 Part Four Migration governance in Africa: prospects, contests and controversies 180 10 Migration, governance and geopolitical conflicts in Africa: A comparative analysis of the Moroccan Algerian migration ... 182 Introduction 182 Border securitisation and migration management practices in Morocco and Algeria 183 The Moroccan migration policy: historical transformations 186 Algeria’s consistent approach to migration 190 Migration policies: the need for local integration schemes 193 Conclusion 195 References 196 11 Regional integration in Africa and the welfare of intra-African migrants 201 Introduction 201 Regional integration: the vision and the programs 204 African migration: host and migrant vulnerability 210 Conclusion 213 Notes 215 References 215 Part Five Reimaging borders and migration management in Africa 220 12 Reimaging borders and migration management in Africa 222 Borders and inter-Africa migrations 222 Migration, symbolic borders and integration in Africa 223 Reimaging borders and migration management in Africa 225 References 226 Index 227