Intersystem EMC Analysis, Interference, and Solutions

This comprehensive new resource provides methods and tools for defining EMC requirements and techniques for performing predictions and calculations to achieve electromagnetic compatibility. This book demonstrates how radar, communications, and navigation systems can function without interference. EMC requirements for the device, platform, site, and arena level are discussed and this book shows how EMC detection analysis is utilized to predict EMC problems. The book explores the interference between receiving and transmitting electronic systems and examines intersystem and intrasystem EMC. Techniques and mathematical framework for performing EMC prediction and calculations to solve electromagnetic compatibility problems are highlighted. Moreover, this book presents classic methods and several original EMC calculation procedures including new approaches in mathematical development of interference probability calculations. Readers learn how to anticipate problems and then define EMC solutions. 1 Definitions 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Interference 1.4 Radio Frequency Interference 1.5 Compatibility 1.6 EMC and RF Compatib 1.7 Emissions and Susceptibility 1.8 The System 1.8.1 Definition 1.8.2 System Content 1.9 External Systems 1.9.1 External System Types 1.9.2 Definition 1.10 Intrasystem and Intersystem Compatibility 1.11 Interference to and from the System 1.12 One-Way and Two-Way EMC 1.13 Electromagnetic Environment 1.14 Signal Types 1.15 Hierarchy 1.16 Device Level 1.17 Platform Level 1.18 Site Level 1.19 Arena Level 2 EMC Requirements 2.1 Objective 2.2 Device Level EMC Requirements 2.2.1 Objective 2.2.2 The Device EMC Requirement 2.2.3 Capability to Comply with the Operational Requirements 2.2.4 Definition Approaches 2.3 EMC Requirements Within and Between Platforms 2.3.1 EMC Within and Between Platforms 2.3.2 Distance Between Platforms 2.3.3 Near-Field and Far-Field 2.4 EMC Requirements at the Platform Level 2.4.1 The Platform EMC Requirement 2.4.2 Capability to Comply with the Operational Requirement 2.4.3 Inter- and Intra-EMC 2.5 EMC Requirements at the Site L 2.5.1 The Site EMC Requirement 2.5.2 Inter- and Intra-EMC 2.6 EMC Requirements at the Arena Level 2.6.1 The Arena EMC Requirement 2.6.2 The Near-Far Requirement 2.6.3 Inter- and Intra-EMC 2.7 System EMC Requirements 2.8 Requirements Sum 2.9 Relationship to MIL-STD 2.10 Maximum Allowed Interference Level 2.11 The Performance Criteria 2.12 The Affecting Parameter 2.13 Gradual Performance Degradation 2.14 Interference Threshold 2.15 Crash Threshold 2.16 Performance Degradation Region 2.17 Interference Probability Threshold 2.18 Operational Damage Level 2.18.1 Nuisances 2.18.2 Mission Effectiveness Decreases 2.18.3 Mission Failur 2.18.4 Safety Risks 3 EMC Analysis and Survey 3.1 EMC Survey Objectives 3.2 Included in the Survey 3.3 Required Survey Outcom 3.4 The Need for Handling EMC Problems 3.5 The S/I Approach 3.6 The DES Approach 3.7 The Participants in the Interfering Mechanism 3.7.1 The Interfering Transmitter 3.7.2 The Interfering Medium 3.7.3 The Interfered Receiver 3.7.4 The Desired Transmitter 3.7.5 The Desired Medium 3.8 Worst-Case and Least-Worst-Case 3.8.1 The Worst-Case Dilemma 3.8.2 Least-Worst or Easiest Case 3.8.3 Saving Calculation Time 3.8.4 Worst-Case Parameters 3.9 A Possible Structure for the EMC Survey Report 3.9.1 Executive Summary 3.9.2 General 3.9.3 Methodology 3.9.4 Systems in the Analysis 3.9.5 Device Data 3.9.6 Scenarios 3.9.7 Requirements 3.9.8 Results 3.9.9 Summary and Recommendations 3.9.10 Annexes 4 Interference Types 4.1 Interference Types Criteria 4.2 Interfering Device Types 4.3 Antenna Lobe Types 4.4 Interference Outcome Types 4.4.1 Interference—the Desired Signal Is Not Received 4.4.2 Sensitivity Degradation by X dB 4.4.3 DES 4.4.4 False Reception 4.4.5 Damage 4.4.6 Degradation of Digital Communication 4.5 Interference Bandwidth Types 4.5.1 Narrowband Interference 4.5.2 Broadband Interference 4.5.3 Full-band Interference 4.6 False Reception 4.7 Interference Types According to Their Source 4.7.1 Interference from Transmitter and Receiver Parameters 4.7.2 Interference from Transmitter Parameters 4.7.3 Interference from Receiver Parameters 5 Interference fromBoth Transmitter and Receiver 5.1 Transmitter Spectrum 5.1.1 Transmitter Spectrum Definition 5.1.2 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 5.1.3 Calculating FDR 5.1.4 The Interference Effects 5.1.5 Calculating the Received Interference Level 5.2 CCI 5.2.1 Definition 5.2.2 Source of the Phenomenon, Nonintentional Case 5.2.3 Source of the Phenomenon, Intentional Case 5.2.4 The Interference Effects 5.2.5 Calculating the Received Interference Level 5.2.6 The BWF in CCI 5.3 ACI 5.4 Splitting the FDF 6 Interference from the Transmitter 6.1 Transmitter Frequency Bands 6.1.1 Transmission Band 6.1.2 Adjacent Channels or Modulation Band 6.1.3 In-Band 6.1.4 Out-of-Band 6.2 Interference from the Transmitter Spectrum—ACI 6.2.1 The Interference Effects 6.2.2 Calculating the Received Interference Level 6.2.3 Additional Definitions of the Parameter 6.2.4 Default Value for Modulated Signals 6.2.5 Default Value for Pulsed Signals 6.3 Interference from Spurious Emission—SPR 6.3.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 6.3.2 Definition of the Parameter 6.3.3 The Interference Effects 6.3.4 Calculating the Received Interference Level 6.4 Interference from PHN 6.4.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 6.4.2 Definition of the Parameter 6.4.3 The Interference Effects 6.4.4 Calculating the Received Interference Level 6.5 Interference from BBN 6.5.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 6.5.2 Definition of the Parameter 6.5.3 Measuring BBN 6.5.4 Default Value 6.5.5 The Interference Effects 6.5.6 Interference Relevance 6.5.7 Calculating the Received Interference Level 6.6 Interference from HAR 6.6.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 6.6.2 Definition of the Parameter 6.6.3 Default Value 6.6.4 The Interference Effects 6.6.5 Checking the Harmonics Content Feasibility 6.6.6 Calculating the Received Interference Level 6.6.7 The BWF for Harmonic Interference 6.6.8 Calculating the Interference Close to Harmonics 6.7 Interference from the TIM 6.7.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 6.7.2 Definition of the Parameter 6.7.3 Default Value 6.7.4 The Interference Effects 6.7.5 Calculating the Received Interference Level 6.7.6 Checking Intermodulation Feasibility 6.8 Interference from LFM Radar 6.8.1 Slow Sweep 6.8.2 Fast Sweep 7 Interference from the Receiver 7.1 Receiver Frequency Bands 7.1.1 Reception Band 7.1.2 Selectivity Band 7.1.3 In-Band 7.1.4 OOB 7.2 Required (S/I )r 7.2.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.2.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.2.3 Measuring (S/I)r 7.2.4 Default Value 7.2.5 (S/I)r and Processing Gain 7.2.6 Protection Ratio 7.2.7 Jamming Ratio 7.3 General Aspects in Receiver Interference 7.3.1 Direct and Indirect Definition of the Interference Parameter 7.3.2 Interference Effects 7.3.3 Equivalent Interfering Signal Level 7.4 Interference from SEL 7.4.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.4.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.4.3 Measuring LSEL and the Indirect Definition 7.4.4 Indirect Definition of the Parameter 7.4.5 Calculating the Received Interference 7.4.6 The BWF 7.5 SAT and Desensitization 7.5.1 Amplifier Compression 7.5.2 The Interference Effect 7.5.3 Definition of the Parameter 7.5.4 Acquiring the –1-dB Compression Point 7.5.5 Comparing Interference and SAT 7.5.6 Calculating the Received Interference Level 7.6 DMG 7.6.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.6.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.6.3 Acquiring the DMG Level 7.6.4 Default Value 7.6.5 Calculating the Received Interference Level 7.7 Interference from IMR 7.7.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.7.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.7.3 Measuring the IMR 7.7.4 Calculating the Received Interference Level 7.8 Interference at the IF 7.8.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.8.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.8.3 Calculating the Received Interference Level 7.9 Interference from LO Radiation 7.9.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.9.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.9.3 Calculating the Received Interference Level 7.10 Interference from RIM 7.10.1 Source of the Interference Phenomenon 7.10.2 Definition of the Parameter 7.10.3 Measuring the Parameter 7.10.4 Default Value 7.10.5 Calculating the Intermodulation Level 7.10.6 Calculating the Intercept Point 7.10.7 Calculating the Received Interference Level 7.10.8 Checking the Intermodulation Feasibility 7.11 Harmonics and Intermodulation 7.11.1 Harmonics 7.11.2 Introduction to Intermodulation 7.11.3 The Slope of the Intermodulation 7.11.4 The Intercept Point Concept 7.11.5 The Intermodulation Spectrum 7.11.6 The Third- and nth-Order Intermodulation Equations 7.11.7 Intermodulation from Nonequal Signals 7.11.8 Intermodulation from Multiple Transmitters 7.11.9 Number of Intermodulation Products 7.12 In-Band and OOB Interference 8 Calculating the Received Interference Level 8.1 The Calculation Principle 8.2 Calculating the Received Interference Level 8.2.1 Transmitter Pow 8.2.2 Interference Level Relative to CCI 8.2.3 Transmitter External Filter 8.2.4 Transmitter Cable Loss 8.2.5 Transmitter Waveguide Loss 8.2.6 Transmitting Antenna Gain 8.2.7 Transmitting Antenna Side Lobes 8.2.8 Path Loss and Coupling 8.2.9 Polarization Loss 8.2.10 Receiving Antenna Gain 8.2.11 Receiving Antenna Sidelobes 8.2.12 Receiver Cable Loss 8.2.13 Receiver Waveguide Loss 8.2.14 Receiver External Filter 8.2.15 BWF 8.3 Power Sum of Multiple Interferers 9 Interference Margin and Its Meaning 9.1 Background 9.2 IMRG in the S/I approach 9.2.1 The Criterion 9.2.2 Procedure and Steps of IMRG Calculation 9.2.3 Desired Signal Level S Calculation 9.2.4 Interference Threshold Calculation 9.2.5 Interference Level I Calculation 9.2.6 Interference Plus Noise Calculation 9.2.7 IMRG Calculation 9.2.8 Relationship Between IMRG and Fade Margin 9.3 IMRG in the DES Approach 9.3.1 The Criterion 9.3.2 DES Calculation 9.3.3 DES versus I/N 9.3.4 Choosing the Interference Threshold 9.3.5 Procedure and Calculation Steps 9.3.6 Interference Threshold Calculation 9.3.7 IMRG Calculation 9.3.8 DES versus I 9.3.9 IMRG Impact on DES 9.4 IMRG Impact on the Range 9.4.1 Background 9.4.2 Range Degradation in the S/I Approach 9.4.3 Range Degradation in the DES Approach 9.5 Interference to Short Desired Paths 9.6 Applying the DES Approach for Interference to Radar 9.7 FM Degradation 9.8 Inverse Calculation Technique 9.9 Sensitivity Level as Wrong Threshold Level 9.10 EMC Calculation Summary 10 The Interference Range and the Reception Range 10.1 Hierarchy Level and Interference Types 10.2 Calculating the Interference Range 10.2.1 The Problem 10.2.2 Interference Range without Terrain Influence 10.2.3 Interference with Terrain Influence 10.3 Calculating the Reception Range with Interference 10.3.1 Background 10.3.2 Signal-to-Interference Plus Noise Ratio 10.3.3 Reception Range without Terrain 10.3.4 Reception Area with Terrain Reference 11 Propagation Models for EMC 11.1 Difference Between Communication and EMC Models 11.2 Models without Terrain Influence 11.3 Models Based on DTM 11.4 Generic Terrain-Influenced Model Path-Loss Model References 12 Coupling Between Antennas 12.1 Measurement 12.2 Scaling 12.3 Prediction by Simulation 12.4 Approximate Free-Space Calculation 12.5 Frequency Dependency 13 Relative Angles Between Antennas 13.1 The Problem 13.2 Transformation by Rotation 13.3 Calculating θ and φ 14 Antenna Gain in Intercardinal Angles 14.1 The Problem 14.2 The Guiding Principle 14.3 Coordinate Systems 14.4 Coordinates System Transformation 14.5 Symmetrical Antenna Pattern 14.6 The Sum in Decibels Method in the Symmetrical Case 14.7 Nonsymmetrical Antenna Pattern 14.8 The Sum in Decibels Method in the Nonsymmetrical Case 14.9 BWAZ > BWEL 14.10 BWEL > BWAZ 14.11 Reducing the Estimation Error 14.12 Real versus Envelope Pattern 14.13 Verification by Simulation 14.14 Examples 14.15 Summary 15 Near-Field 15.1 Far-Field Definition 15.2 Near-Field Definition 15.3 Near-Field Distanc 15.4 Very Small Antenna Near-Field Distance 15.5 Aperture Antenna Near-Field Distance 15.6 Wire Antenna Near-Field Distance 15.7 Near-Field Distance Between Two Antennas 15.8 Near-Field Path Loss 15.9 Near-Field Path Loss for Aperture Antennas 15.9.1 Main Lobe 15.9.2 Main Lobe Calculation Steps 15.9.3 Sidelobes’ Path Loss 16 Interference Probability 16.1 Background 16.2 Accumulated Probability from Multiple Phenomena 16.3 Accumulated Probability from Multiple Interferers 17 Interference Probability—Antenna Patterns Aspect 17.1 The Problem 17.2 Main Lobe versus Sidelobes Case 17.3 Antenna Pattern versus Fixed Antenna Case 17.4 Two Rotating Antennas Case 17.4.1 Step 1: Calculating the Antennas’ Probability Density Function 17.4.2 Step 2: Calculating the Viewing Sector 17.4.3 Step 3: The Probability of a Certain Antenna Pattern Value 17.4.4 Step 4: The Joint Probability Density Function 17.4.5 Step 5: Reference Interference Margin in the Main Lobe 17.4.6 Step 6: Interference Margin of the Event i,j 17.4.7 Step 7: Interference Probability of the Event i,j 17.4.8 Step 8: Interference Probability 17.4.9 Step 9: Interference Probability from the Range Gate A 17.4.10 Example 18 Probability of Frequency Difference 18.1 The Problem 18.2 Mathematical Background 18.3 The General Case 18.4 Continuous Frequency Allocation 18.5 Case 1: Identical Frequency Bands 18.6 Case 2: Nonoverlapping Frequency Bands 18.7 Case 3: Partially Overlapping Frequency Bands 18.8 Case 4: One Frequency Band Is Included in the Other 18.9 Fixed-Frequency and Frequency-Hopping Device 18.9.1 Fixed-Frequency Devices 18.9.2 Frequency-Hopping Devices 19 Probability of Pulse Interference 19.1 The Problem 19.2 Definitions 19.3 Calculating RMin 19.4 Calculating RMax 19.5 Calculating the RMin Probability 19.6 Calculating the RMax Probability 19.7 Summary of Interference Probability 19.8 Various Cases 19.8.1 Probabilities Reach the Extreme Zero and One Values Case 19.8.2 Probabilities Do Not Reach the Extreme Zero and One Values Case 19.8.3 a >> d Case 19.8.4 d >> a Case 19.8.5 Identical Pulse Width Case 19.8.6 Whole Number of Interfering Pulses Case 19.8.7 Additional Probability Graph Shapes 19.9 Radar Pulses Interference 20 Pulse Interference to Digital Communication 20.1 Hierarchy from Bits to Message 20.2 Group Error Rate 20.3 Symbol Error Rate 20.4 Frame Error Rate 20.5 Message Error Rate 20.6 Error Rates with Interferen 20.6.1 General Case 20.6.2 Case 1: PW > tMessage 20.6.3 Case 2: tFrame < PW < tMessage 20.6.4 Case 3: tSymbol < PW < tFrame 20.7 Group Delivery Probability 20.8 Required Number of Retransmissions 21 EMC Between Synchronous Hopping Devices 21.1 Background 21.2 Frequency-Hopping Times 21.3 Synchronous and Orthogonal Devices 21.4 Overlapping 21.5 Distances and Reception Delay 21.6 Solution and Objective 21.7 The Overlapping Portion 21.8 Conditions for Overlapping Interference 22 EMC Solutions 22.1 Background 22.2 Time-Axis Solutions 22.3 Distance-Axis Solutions 22.4 Angle-Axis Solutions 22.5 Frequency-Axis Solutions 22.6 Required Frequency Separation 22.7 Combined Distance and Frequency Separation 22.8 Changing the Specifications 23 EMC Tests 23.1 The Need 23.2 Objectives 23.2.1 Technical EMC Test Objectives 23.2.2 Operational EMC Test Objectives 23.3 IMRG Test Procedure in the DES Approach 23.3.1 Test Block Diagram 23.3.2 Deployment Instruction 23.3.3 Preliminary Tests 23.3.4 Interference Test Procedure 23.3.5 Solution and Repeated Test 23.3.6 Miscellaneous 23.4 IMRG Test Procedure in the S/I Approach 23.4.1 Test Block Diagram 23.4.2 Deployment Instruction 23.4.3 Preliminary Tests 23.4.4 Interference Test Procedure—First Method 23.4.5 Interference Test Procedure—Second Method 23.4.6 Solution and Repeated Test 23.4.7 Miscellaneous 23.5 Differences Between Anticipated and Tested Interference 23.5.1 Case 1: No, No 23.5.2 Case 2: No, Yes 23.5.3 Case 3: Yes, N 23.5.4 Case 4: Yes, Yes Appendix Device EMC Specifications Table This comprehensive new resource provides methods and tools for defining EMC requirements and techniques for performing predictions and calculations to achieve electromagnetic compatibility. This book demonstrates how radar, communications, and navigation systems can function without interference. EMC requirements for the device, platform, site, and arena level are discussed and EMC detection analysis is utilized to predict EMC problems. The book explores the interference between receiving and transmitting electronic systems and examines intersystem and intrasystem EMC. Techniques and mathematical framework for performing EMC prediction and calculations to solve electromagnetic compatibility problems are highlighted. Moreover, this book presents classic methods and several original EMC calculation procedures including new approaches in mathematical development of interference probability calculations. Readers learn how to anticipate problems and then define EMC solutions. -- from publisher's website This Authoritative New Resource Provides Methods And Tools For Defining Emc Requirements And Techniques For Performing Predictions And Calculations To Achieve Electromagnetic Compatibility. This Book Demonstrates How Radar, Communications, And Navigation Systems Can Function Without Interference. Emc Requirements For The Device, Platform, Site, And Arena Level Are Discussed And This Book Shows How Emc Detection Analysis Is Utilized To Predict Emc Problems. The Book Explores The Interference Between Receiving And Transmitting Electronic Systems And Examines Intersystem And Intrasystem Emc.techniques And Mathematical Framework For Performing Emc Prediction And Calculations To Solve Electromagnetic Compatibility Problems Are Highlighted. Moreover, This Book Presents Classic Methods And Several Original Emc Calculation Procedures Including New Approaches In Mathematical Development Of Interference Probability Calculations. Readers Learn How To Anticipate Problems And Then Define Emc Solutions.