Interrogating Francoism : History and Dictatorship in Twentieth-Century Spain

Helen Graham here brings together leading historians of international renown to examine 20th-century Spain in light of Franco's dictatorship and its legacy. Interrogating Francoism uses a three-part structure to look at the old regime, the civil war and the forging of Francoism; the nature of Franco's dictatorship; and the 'history wars' that have since taken place over his legacy. Social, political, economic and cultural historical approaches are integrated throughout and 'top down' political analysis is incorporated along with 'bottom up' social perspectives. The book places Spain and Francoism in comparative European context and explores the relationship between the historical debates and present-day political and ideological controversies in Spain. In part a tribute to Paul Preston, the foremost historian of contemporary Spain today, Interrogating Francoism includes an interview with Professor Preston and a comprehensive bibliography of his work, as well as extensive further readings in English. It is a crucial volume for all students of 20th-century Spain. Cover page 1 Halftitle page 2 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 Dedication 6 CONTENTS 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 WRITING SPAIN’S TWENTIETH CENTURY IN(TO) EUROPE 12 The war in Spain 12 Europe’s myths, Spain’s myths 16 The end of Franco? 17 Enduring Francoism: Spain from 1989 to the twenty-first century 19 From memory wars to history wars: revisionism in the twenty-first-century Academy in Spain 21 In defence of history: interrogating Francoism 25 Notes 30 PART I THE ENDURANCE OF THE OLD REGIME: STRUCTURES, MENTALITIES AND EVERYDAY LIFE 36 CHAPTER 1 TWENTIETH-CENTURY CATHOLICISMS: RELIGION AS PRISON, AS HAVEN, AS ‘CLAMP’ 38 The Restoration monarchy: roles, uses and meanings of Catholicism 40 The 1930s: secularization and Catholic mobilization 44 Religion and civil war 46 The Franco dictatorship: continuity and change 49 Myths, martyrs and memory: democracy and the present 51 Conclusions 53 Notes 54 Further reading 58 CHAPTER 2 BUILDING ALLIANCES AGAINST THE NEW? MONARCHY AND THE MILITARY IN INDUSTRIALIZING SPAIN 60 Historiographical perspectives 60 Praetorian politics in Restoration Spain 62 Alfonso XIII: King of Swords 63 Spain’s 1917 66 Towards a praetorian monarchy 68 Notes 74 Further reading 78 CHAPTER 3 REFORM AS PROMISE AND THREAT: POLITICAL PROGRESSIVES AND BLUEPRINTS FOR CHANGE IN SPAIN, 1931–6 80 The republican-socialist coalition government of 1931–3 85 Reform in Spain 1931–3: a clash of projects and mentalities 89 Enabling democracy? 89 The erosion of the left, 1931–3 90 The ‘logic’ of progressive republicanism: anticlericalism as strategic error? 92 Counter- reform 1934–6: the counter- revolution mobilized, the coalition for change atomized 95 Spring 1936: the continuing fragmentation of reform, the unity of counter- reform 97 Conclusion: the chances of reform 98 Notes 99 Further reading 107 PART II MAKING DICTATORSHIP: DISCOURSE, POLICY AND PRACTICE 108 CHAPTER 4 ‘PRODUCTIVE HATREDS’: RADICAL SEGREGATIONIST DISCOURSES AND THE MAKING OF FRANCOISM 110 Notes 120 Further reading 124 CHAPTER 5 A COUP AGAINST CHANGE: REPRESSION IN SEVILLE AND THE ASSAULT ON CIVILIAN SOCIETY 126 An Andalusian class war 126 Queipo and the myth against change 128 The victory of the elite 130 The pacification of Seville’s worker districts 131 The second ‘miracle of Seville’: economic repression 135 ‘Re-educating’ the masses: the depoliticization of the working class 137 The humanitarian catastrophe in the unofficial capital of insurgent Spain 138 Conclusion 140 Notes 141 Further reading 147 CHAPTER 6 NATURAL ALLIANCES: THE IMPACT OF NAZISM AND FASCISM ON FRANCO’S DOMESTIC POLICIES 150 Fascism, military rebellion and Franco 150 Under friendly ‘infl uence’ 152 The allure of Nazi principles 155 Subjugating ‘parliament’ 156 Franco’s ‘secret legislation’: the beginning 157 The Führerprinzip in action after the Second World War 158 Secret legislation for after a war 160 The primacy of ideology: Franco’s long dream of fascist autarky 161 Conclusion: the enduring appeal of fascism 164 Notes 165 Further reading 168 CHAPTER 7 STATES OF WAR: ‘BEING CIVILIAN’ IN 1940s SPAIN 170 The forging of a new society of victors and vanquished 172 Surviving imprisonment 175 Surviving outside prison 178 The road to the sierra 181 Conclusion 184 Notes 185 Further reading 188 PART III MAKING MEMORY: HISTORY AND THE FUTURE OF DICTATORSHIP 190 CHAPTER 8 STORIES FOR AFTER A WAR: SOCIAL MEMORY AND THE MAKING OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL TRANSITION IN 1960s SPAIN 192 Intimate violence, state- building and migration 194 Social memory and the origins of the transition 198 Conclusions 206 Notes 207 Further reading 212 CHAPTER 9 DISREMEMBERING FRANCOISM: WHAT IS AT STAKE IN SPAIN’S MEMORY WARS? 214 Notes 230 Further reading 233 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 234 CHAPTER 10 BIOGRAPHIES FOR A CAUDILLO AFTER A WAR: A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL COMMENTARY ON BIOGRAPHIES OF FRANCO 236 Praising a Caudillo: Francoist biographies 238 Denouncing a Caudillo: anti-Francoist biographies during the years of the dictatorship 242 Judging a Caudillo: a historiographical review of Franco biographies 244 Notes 248 CHAPTER 11 CUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WORK OF PAUL PRESTON 252 Books 252 Edited books 253 Articles 253 Chapters in books 254 Pamphlets 257 CODA 258 CHAPTER 12 INTERVIEW WITH PAUL PRESTON 260 CHAPTER 13 PhDs SUPERVISED BY PAUL PRESTON 274 (1) Theses successfully submitted and published, with the title of the resulting book 274 (2) Theses successfully submitted and as yet unpublished 275 INDEX 276