International Symposium on Geodesy for Earthquake and Natural Hazards (GENAH) : proceedings of the International Symposium on Geodesy for Earthquake and Natural Hazards (GENAH), Matsushima, Japan, 22-26 July, 2014

These proceedings contain a selection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the International Symposium on Geodesy for Earthquake and Natural Hazards (GENAH), Matsushima, Japan, 22-26 July, 2014. The scientific sessions focused on monitoring temporal and spatial changes in Earth's lithosphere and atmosphere using geodetic satellite systems, high rate GNSS as well as high resolution imaging (InSAR, Lidar). Researchers in various fields of geodesy discussed the role of geodesy in disaster mitigation and how groups with different techniques can collaborate toward such a goal. Preface 6 Contents 8 Part I Subduction Zone Earthquake 10 Progress in the Project for Development of GPS/Acoustic Technique Over the Last 4Years 11 1 Introduction 11 2 Moored Buoy System 12 3 Autonomous Surface Vehicle 13 4 Tohoku-oki Earthquake 15 5 Summary 15 References 18 Interplate Coupling in and Around the Rupture Area of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (M9.0) Before Its Occurrence Based on Terrestrial and Seafloor Geodetic Observations 19 1 Introduction 19 2 Data 20 3 Analysis 21 3.1 Method 21 3.2 Numerical Test 21 4 Results and Discussion 23 4.1 Estimated Back Slip Distribution 23 References 25 Geodetic and Geomorphic Evaluations of Earthquake Generation Potential of the Northern Sumatran Fault, Indonesia 28 1 Introduction 28 2 GPS Observations and Results 30 3 Fault Trace Based on Satellite Image Interpretation 32 4 Geomorphic Field Observations 32 5 Conclusions and Future Works 34 References 34 Part II Geodetic Observations of the Earthquake Deformation Cycle 27 Virtual Quake: Statistics, Co-seismic Deformations and Gravity Changes for Driven Earthquake Fault Systems 36 1 Introduction 36 2 Virtual Quake Simulator 37 3 Surface Patterns 37 3.1 Gravity Green's Functions 37 3.2 Displacement Green's Functions and InSAR 38 4 Virtual California Forecasts 39 4.1 Weibull Distribution 39 4.2 Northern California Forecast M ≥7.0 40 4.3 Comparing to Independent Method 41 5 Conclusions and Discussion 42 References 44 Dynamic Strain in a South African Gold Mine Produced by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake 45 1 Introduction 45 2 Observations 47 3 In Situ Sensor Calibration 47 4 Observation Summaries 49 5 Preliminary Strain Analyses Around the Fault 50 6 Conclusions 51 References 52 Twenty-Two Years of Combined GPS Products for Geophysical Applications and a Decade of Seismogeodesy 54 1 Project Overview 54 2 Data Products (ESDRs) Generation 55 3 Examples of SESES Data Product Applications 56 3.1 Earthquake Cycle Deformation 57 3.2 Transient Deformation: Detection of Episodic Tremor and Slip 57 3.3 Seismogeodesy: Rapid modeling of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki Earthquake 57 4 Data Accessibility 57 References 58 Earthquake Cycles on the San Andreas Fault System in Northern California 60 1 Introduction 60 2 Proposed Model 63 3 Seismicity 65 4 Discussion 65 References 66 Rheological Structure Beneath NE Japan Inferred from Coseismic Strain Anomalies Associated with the 2011 Tohoku-oki Earthquake (Mw9.0) 67 1 Introduction 67 2 FEM Model 69 3 Results 70 3.1 Rheological Model Beneath the OBR 71 3.2 Rheological Structure Beneath the FSCZ 72 4 Discussion 73 5 Conclusions 74 References 74 Paradoxical Vertical Crustal Movement Along the Pacific Coast of Northeast Japan 76 1 Introduction 76 2 An Earthquake Cycle Model 77 2.1 Formulation 77 2.2 Model Setup 78 3 Results and Discussion 78 References 81 Forecasting Earthquakes with the Virtual Quake Simulator: Regional and Fault-Partitioned Catalogs 82 1 Introduction 82 2 Virtual Quake: A Technical Overview 82 3 Extended Catalogs: Regional Forecasts 84 4 Data Partitioning: Faultwise Forecasts 85 5 Discussion and Conclusions 87 References 88 Part III Near Real-Time Warning 90 Development and Assessment of Real-Time Fault Model Estimation Routines in the GEONET Real-Time Processing System 91 1 Introduction 91 2 Method 92 2.1 Automated Earthquake Fault Modeling Routines for REGARD 92 2.1.1 Single Rectangular Fault Modeling Routine 92 2.1.2 Fault Slip Distribution Modeling Routine 92 2.2 Posterior Analyses of Past Earthquakes 93 3 Results 93 3.1 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake (Mw 8.3) 93 3.2 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0) 94 3.3 Simulated Nankai Earthquake (Mw 8.7) 95 3.4 Instability of the Mw Estimates 95 4 Discussions and Conclusion 95 References 97 Buoy Platform Development for Observation of Tsunami and Crustal Deformation 99 1 Introduction 100 2 Geometry of the System 100 3 Action for Long Period Implementation 102 3.1 Minimizing Power Consumption 102 3.2 Introduction of Tsunami Mode 102 4 Result of Sea Trial 104 5 Summary 105 References 105 Improvement in the Accuracy of Real-Time GPS/Acoustic Measurements Using a Multi-Purpose Moored Buoy System by Removal of Acoustic Multipath 106 1 Introduction 106 2 System Overview 107 3 Processing of the Acoustic Signal 108 4 Verification of the Cause of Twin Peaks 109 5 Estimation of the PXP Array Position 112 6 Conclusion 112 References 113 Part IV Interaction of Earthquakes and Volcanoes 115 Pressure Sources of the Miyakejima Volcano Estimated from Crustal Deformation Studies During 2011–2013 116 1 Introduction 116 2 Data 117 3 Modeling 118 4 Discussion 118 5 Conclusion 120 References 121 Part V Natural Hazards 123 Application of A10 Absolute Gravimeter for Monitoring Land Subsidence in Jakarta, Indonesia 124 1 Introduction 124 2 Measurements 125 2.1 A10 Absolute Gravity Measurements 125 2.2 Measurements Points in Jakarta 126 3 Results and Discussion 127 3.1 Gravity Changes 127 3.2 Height Changes 128 3.3 Gravity Versus Height Changes 128 4 Conclusions 129 References 130 Introduction to the Gravity Database (GALILEO) Compiled by the Geological Survey of Japan, AIST 132 1 Introduction 132 2 Gravity Database in Japan 133 3 Gravity Database on the GSJ Website (GALILEO) 133 3.1 Data Sources for GALILEO 133 3.2 Major Functions of GALILEO 133 3.2.1 Browse and Download 133 3.2.2 Comparisons of Gravity Maps and Geological/Topographic Maps 134 3.2.3 On-Demand Mapping 134 3.3 Applications to Earthquake and Natural Hazard Research 136 4 Summary and Future Work 138 References 139 Recent Developments of GPS Tsunami Meter for a Far Offshore Observations 141 1 Introduction 141 2 Problems Found in Case of 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake Tsunami 142 3 Improvements of Positioning Strategy 143 4 Utilization of Satellite Communication System 146 5 Further Applications of GPS Buoy for Continuous Monitoring of Ocean Bottom Crustal Movements 148 6 Conclusion and Remarks 148 References 149 Ground Deformation in the Kyoto and Osaka Area During Recent 19 Years Detected with InSAR 150 1 Introduction 150 2 Deformation Detected by ALOS/PALSAR 151 3 Analysis of ERS 1/2 and Envisat Images 151 3.1 Results of Analysis of ERS-1/2 Images 151 3.2 Results of Analysis of Envisat Images 154 4 Discussions and Conclusions 157 References 159 List of Reviewers 160 Author Index 161 Front Matter....Pages i-ix Progress in the Project for Development of GPS/Acoustic Technique Over the Last 4 Years....Pages 3-10 Interplate Coupling in and Around the Rupture Area of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (M9.0) Before Its Occurrence Based on Terrestrial and Seafloor Geodetic Observations....Pages 11-19 Geodetic and Geomorphic Evaluations of Earthquake Generation Potential of the Northern Sumatran Fault, Indonesia....Pages 21-28 Virtual Quake: Statistics, Co-seismic Deformations and Gravity Changes for Driven Earthquake Fault Systems....Pages 29-37 Dynamic Strain in a South African Gold Mine Produced by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake....Pages 39-47 Twenty-Two Years of Combined GPS Products for Geophysical Applications and a Decade of Seismogeodesy....Pages 49-54 Earthquake Cycles on the San Andreas Fault System in Northern California....Pages 55-61 Rheological Structure Beneath NE Japan Inferred from Coseismic Strain Anomalies Associated with the 2011 Tohoku-oki Earthquake (Mw9.0)....Pages 63-71 Paradoxical Vertical Crustal Movement Along the Pacific Coast of Northeast Japan....Pages 73-78 Forecasting Earthquakes with the Virtual Quake Simulator: Regional and Fault-Partitioned Catalogs....Pages 79-87 Development and Assessment of Real-Time Fault Model Estimation Routines in the GEONET Real-Time Processing System....Pages 89-96 Buoy Platform Development for Observation of Tsunami and Crustal Deformation....Pages 97-103 Improvement in the Accuracy of Real-Time GPS/Acoustic Measurements Using a Multi-Purpose Moored Buoy System by Removal of Acoustic Multipath....Pages 105-114 Pressure Sources of the Miyakejima Volcano Estimated from Crustal Deformation Studies During 2011–2013....Pages 117-124 Application of A10 Absolute Gravimeter for Monitoring Land Subsidence in Jakarta, Indonesia....Pages 127-134 Introduction to the Gravity Database (GALILEO) Compiled by the Geological Survey of Japan, AIST....Pages 135-143 Recent Developments of GPS Tsunami Meter foraFar Offshore Observations....Pages 145-153 Ground Deformation in the Kyoto and Osaka Area During Recent 19 Years Detected with InSAR....Pages 155-164 Back Matter....Pages 165-168