International Relations and Heritage: Patchwork in Times of Plurality (The Latin American Studies Book Series)

Patchwork in times of plurality encompasses the multitude of actions as a revealing symbol of ethos, actors, organisms, and manifestations of preservation and dialogue frontiers. This plural metaphor, almost like a patchwork, aggregates and yet segregates, conforms, but disfigures, and boosts the meanings which represent this new field that international relations have been recently crossing. Just like the mirror metaphor - that reflects everything to all and, sometimes, intervenes in distortions - the patchwork analogy allowed the book to take responsibility for the disclosure of preservation actions on a global scale. The book has a pioneering role insofar since it is the only publication with such characteristics, concerns, and coverage. The work studies the interconnection between cultural properties and international relations by understanding them as a mosaic before the bridges that intertwine people and borders. The main goal of this work is to illustrate in what way intergovernmental relations have been privileging heritage and culture as acting fields for its broader needs. Therefore, the book addresses topics related to the international agenda, focusing on its less debated themes. Two examples of these undervalued matters are the link between actors, preservationist actions, and the universe of world cultural heritage. The book also pursuits a critical dialogue between interdisciplinary fields that narrow heritage frontiers in search to contribute with a spectrum of academic perspectives and (inter)national study cases. To serve distinct economic, social, or political purposes, institutionalized heritage (embodied by different values) becomes instrumentalized in a top-down direction. In a development frame, when we perceive culture as indispensable to human life, the past is transformed into exchange currency. Through the creation of alternative fields of action, usually in a bottom-up logic, the present builds new heritage connections. Digital heritage's preservation, dissemination, and appreciation have been representing these same nets. Acknowledgements Contents 1 Presentation: Will the International Relationships Connected with Heritage Preservation Change in a Post-pandemic World? References Part I Between Bridges and Frontiers 2 Damnatio Memoria or Damnatio Consensus. Conflicting Colonial Heritage in Latin American Port Cities. A Project in Motion: CoopMar—Transoceanic Cooperation, Public Policies and Ibero-American Sociocultural Community 2.1 Memory(s), Heritage and Entrepreneurship 2.2 Port Cities—Spaces for Intercultural Dialogues 2.3 Damnatio consensus: Examples of Conflicting Colonial Heritage 2.4 CoopMar—A Project in Action References 3 Regional Assets, Industrial Growth, Global Reach: The Case Study of the Film Industry in the San Francisco Bay Area 3.1 From “Picture in Motion” to “Motion Picture” in San Francisco: First Historical Steps, and Detour Developments 3.1.1 Path Creation and Path Development: A Brief Historical Overview 3.1.2 The Rise of a Dedicated Public Policy: Urban (Re)development and Industrial Growth 3.2 Regional Assets and Film Shootings: San Francisco, an Attractive Place for Filmmakers 3.2.1 Shootings: A Growing Number of Films 3.2.2 San Francisco’s Regional Assets and the Esthetics of Films 3.3 Regional Assets and Film Production: Growth of the Cinema Industry in the San Francisco Bay Area 3.3.1 Locational Structure of the Industry 3.3.2 Geography of the Local Labor Market 3.4 San Francisco’s Film Cluster(s): Innovation, Disruption, Global Reach 3.4.1 Genealogy of the Film Clusters in San Francisco 3.4.2 San Francisco’s Film Cluster Development: A Framework 3.5 Concluding Remarks References 4 Cultural Heritage and Globalization: Trajectory, Projects, and Strategies of the Santa María la Real Foundation (Aguilar de Campoo, Castile, and León, Spain) 4.1 History as a Subject and as a Resource: From the Monastery to the Foundation 4.2 Cultural Heritage as a Symbol of a Region 4.3 From Local Work to International Impact: Romanesque Art as a Common Thread 4.4 Beyond the Romanesque 4.5 In Closing: The Partnerships Needed to Take Us Forward into the Future References 5 Cultural Diplomacy: From Praxis to a Possible Concept 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Part 1—Culture in International Relations: From International Cultural Relations to Cultural Diplomacy 5.2.1 International Cultural Relations: Preliminary Observations 5.2.2 International Cultural Relations: Insertion of Cultural Diplomacy in the Foreign Policy of Some Countries 5.2.3 Cultural Diplomacy: Parallel Field to the Foreign Policy of National States? 5.3 Part 2—What is Cultural Diplomacy then? 5.3.1 Expansion of the Cultural Theme in Contemporary Diplomacy 5.3.2 Purposes and Materialization of Cultural Diplomacy 5.4 Conclusion: Cultural Diplomacy—From Praxis to a Possible Concept References 6 Digital Culture and Digital Media as Heritage: Innovative Approaches in Interaction with Information and Scientific Communication in the Era of Massive Data and Immersive Interactive Technologies. New Contexts in International Relationships 6.1 Introduction: An Approach to Digital Heritage 6.2 Digital Media and Soft Power 6.3 Massive Data and Open Knowledge as a New Framework in Scientific Production 6.4 Approaching Digital Heritage Through Digital Technologies and Stakeholders: Management of Information 6.5 Conclusions: International Relationships and Digital Heritage References 7 The “National Fact” and the Notion of Cultural Heritage in Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1987/1988) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Facts in “La Notion De Patrimoine” and Their Constitutional Resonance 7.3 Constituent Assembly and Heritage 7.4 Final Notes References 8 “The Abyss of History is Deep Enough to Hold Us All” The Beginnings of the 1931 Athens Charter and the Proposition of the Notion of World Heritage 8.1 “In a Force Field of Destructive Currents and Explosions”: The Traumas of the First World War 8.2 “A Special Type of League”: The League of Nations, Intellectual Cooperation and Heritage Preservation 8.3 “The New Concept That Has Been Emerging for Some Time”: The Issue of the Heritage of Humanity and the 1931 Athens Conference References Part II Unfortunate Events of the Cultural Goods 9 Political Issues of the Louvre’s Internationalisation 9.1 Political Issues of the Louvre's Internationalisation 9.2 From Heritage to National Branding: Literature Review 9.2.1 Using Identity and Narrative in an International Context 9.3 Connecting International Relations and Louvre’s Internationalisations 9.4 The Case of Louvre Abu Dhabi: Overview 9.5 Research Questions and Methodological Approach 9.5.1 Research Questions: A Stakeholder for Itself and French State 9.6 Methodological Approach 9.7 Impact of International Relations at the Level of the Louvre and the City of Abu Dhabi: The Role of Influence by Culture and Heritage 9.7.1 Branding a City with a Unique Brand Museum: Regional Impact 9.8 French International Relations: The Impact of Culture and the Impact on Culture 9.9 Perceptions of the Louvre's Influence on the Territories and as a Heritage 9.10 Conclusions References 10 DA‘ESH’s Video in the Mosul Museum: Heritage Destruction or Heritage-Making? 10.1 “Western” World Heritage 10.2 Heritage on the Spotlight 10.3 “Destroy. Destroy... Destroy the Idols” 10.4 Destruction of a “Treasured Heritage” 10.5 Heritage-Making and “Re-designation” 10.6 Conclusions References 11 The Protection of Cultural Property in the 1954 Hague Convention 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Ancient Rome 11.3 A General Overview of the Classic Doctrine of International Law 11.4 The First Codifications 11.4.1 The Hague Peace Conference (1899 and 1907) 11.5 The Codification Sponsored by the League of Nations 11.6 The Codification Carry Out by UNESCO 11.6.1 The 1954 Hague Convention and Its Protocols 11.7 Individual Criminal Responsibility 11.8 Final Analysis References 12 From Construction to Restitution: Some Trajectories of New Zealand’s Cultural Heritage 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Toi Moko: A Brief History of the Fascinating Artefact 12.3 The Reischek Affair: The Rise and Fall of a European Collector 12.4 No Kiwi for Mr. Churchill: One Heritage for One Country 12.5 From Creation to Restitution: The Return of Cultural Heritage as an Indigenous Demand and a Diplomatic Tool 12.6 Conclusions References 13 The Demand for Restitution of Cultural Heritage Through Relations Between Africa and Europe 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Rise of Debate in Europe 13.3 Final Considerations References 14 Mapping Cultural Heritage in the Bi-regional Relations Between Europe and Latin America: Case Studies 14.1 EU-LAC Bi-regional Relations and Heritage in International Relations 14.2 Cultural Heritage in the EU-LAC Bi-regional Relations at State Level 14.3 Cultural Heritage in the EU-LAC Bi-regional Relations at Local and City Level 14.4 Analysis and Concluding Remarks References Part III Soft Power As a Key? 15 Three Themes in Transition: Soft Power, Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods, and the Cartography of World Heritage Sites 15.1 State-of-the-Art: Soft Power at the Margins of History 15.2 What is Soft Power? 15.2.1 How Have History, International Relations, and Heritage Incorporated It? 15.3 Why Developing This Project Within the Field of History? 15.3.1 Between Cultural History and the History of Present Time 15.4 The Three Focal Points of Analysis: World Heritage; Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Assets, and the Emergence of New Protagonists in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage 15.5 Concluding Remarks 15.5.1 Proposals for Tackling the Three Transitional Themes References 16 War Trophies and Diplomatic Relations 16.1 War Trophies: A Specific Category of Heritage 16.2 War Trophies: A Historical Approach 16.3 The Unilateral Return of War Trophies: The Case of the Mexican Flags Taken by Napoleon III 16.4 The Unilateral Demand for War Trophies: The Case of the El Cristiano Cannon 16.5 The War Trophy as a Binational Monument: The Case of the Monitor Huáscar 16.6 Final Remarks References 17 Soft Power of Minas Gerais: The Circula Minas Program (2015–2018) as a Measure of Preservation, National and International Diffusion of Minas Gerais Culture and Heritage 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Soft Power 17.3 The Circula Minas Interchange Edict from 2015 to 2018 17.4 Results from Circula Minas Interchange Edicst from 2015 to 2018 17.5 The Circula Minas Exchange Program Edicts from 2015 to 2018 and the Selected Proposals in the Area of Cultural Heritage 17.6 Final Considerations References 18 Historic Heritage Policies as Soft Power During Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas 18.1 The Race of Images 18.2 Culture as a Political Tool 18.3 The Context of Estado Novo’s Heritage Policies 18.4 SPHAN as Domestic Policy Project 18.5 SPHAN as a Foreign Policy Project 18.6 The Values of Minas Gerais as Soft Power in Getúlio Vargas’s Foreign Policy 18.7 Final Considerations References 19 The University of Coimbra and the Various Appropriations of the International World Heritage Stamp of Approval from UNESCO 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Cultural Assets in Portugal: From Soft Power to Cultural Tourism 19.3 University of Coimbra: From Internationalization to World Heritage 19.4 Coimbra/Cultural Heritage: University and City 19.5 University as a UNESCO World Heritage 19.6 Final Remarks References 20 Brazil with Its Back to Soft Power: Indifference or Lack of Knowledge About Cultural Goods? 20.1 Heritage at Risk: The Emergence of a Society Marked by Cultural Erasure 20.2 The Heritage Wealth Connected to Memory and Social Identity 20.3 Instruments Against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Goods in Brazilian Jurisdiction 20.4 Constitutional Provisions for Safeguarding Cultural Heritage in Brazil 20.5 Cultural Heritage as Soft Power: The Brazilian Context in Evidence 20.6 Possibilities for Applying Punishments to Crimes Against Cultural Heritage 20.7 Final Considerations References 21 The Timbila of Mozambique in the Concert of Nations 21.1 The Timbila in the Colonial Period 21.2 Written Appearance and Classification 21.3 Intangible Heritage, Community Participation, and the Recurrence of the Authentic 21.4 Conclusions References 22 Salazar, Propaganda and Heritage: The Design of “Being Portuguese” as a “Soft Power” Around 1940 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Year of Double Celebrations for “Portuguese and Foreigners” 22.3 1940. The “Material Restoration” of an Eight-Century-Old Nation 22.4 1940 “Moral Restoration”. Between Internationalisation and The Affirmation of “Being Portuguese” 22.5 Closing Remarks References Interviews Crossed Looks in an Upside Down World Interview with Irina Bokova Interview with Francesco Bandarin