International Organizations As Law-makers (oxford Monographs In International Law)

This book addresses how international organizations with a global reach, such as the UN and the WTO, have changed the mechanisms and reasoning behind the making, implementation, and enforcement of international law. Alvarez argues that existing descriptions of international law and international organizations do not do justice to the complex changes resulting from the increased importance of these institutions after World War II, and especially from changes after the end of the Cold War. In particular, this book examines the impact of the institutions on international law through the day to day application and interpretation of institutional law, the making of multilateral treaties, and the decisions of a proliferating number of institutionalized dispute settlers. Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Acknowledgments 8 Preface 10 Table of Contents 24 Table of Cases 28 Table of Conventions 34 List of Abbreviations 46 1 Introduction 50 1.1 Why Focus on “International Organizations”? 50 1.2 Defining IOs 53 1.3 An Intellectual History 66 1.3.1 Functionalist Theories 66 1.3.2 Realism 78 1.3.3 Disaggregationists 81 1.3.4 Critical Theory 88 1.3.5 Constructivism 92 1.4 Lawyers and the Competing Schools of Thought 94 Part I: International Institutional Law 108 2 “Constitutional” Interpretation 114 2.1 Domestic Analogies 114 2.2 Who Interprets a Charter? 123 2.3 How to Interpret a Charter? 131 2.3.1 The Vienna Rules of Treaty Interpretation 132 2.3.2 Institutional Practice 136 2.3.3 Implied Powers 141 2.3.4 Intent 144 2.4 Why Interpret a Charter? 149 3 (Re) Introducing International Institutional Law 158 3.1 IO Law-making: A Survey of Charter Provisions 158 3.2 The “External” Ripples of “Internal” Law 171 3.2.1 The Assembly’s Purse-strings Power 171 3.2.2 Legal Personality and its Consequences 178 3.2.3 The Alleged Treaty Basis for Charter Powers 188 3.2.4 The Limits of Enumerated Powers 190 3.2.5 The Distinction Between External and Internal Rule-making 192 3.3 Revisiting the Development of International Law Through the Political Organs of the UN 195 3.3.1 Statehood and Participation 197 3.3.2 Participation by Non-state Actors 203 3.3.3 Human Rights and the Shrinking Concept of Domestic Jurisdiction 205 3.3.4 The Security Council and Article 2(7) 218 4 The Varied Forms of International Institutional Law 233 4.1 The Security Council as Law-maker 233 4.2 The Security Council: Between Power and Law 248 4.3 Standard-Setting in Other IOs: A Selective Survey 266 4.3.1 The Codex Alimentarius 271 4.3.2 ICAO’s Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) 272 4.3.3 IO “Advisory” Material 273 4.3.4 ILO Recommendations 276 4.3.5 IAEA Standards 280 4.3.6 The FAO’s and UNEP’s Prior Informed Consent Regime 280 4.3.7 WTO Soft Law 281 4.3.8 The WHO’s Code on Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes 283 4.3.9 The World Bank Guidelines 284 4.3.10 IMF Conditionality 290 4.3.11 Emerging Global Administrative Law 293 4.4 Interim Conclusions 306 Part II: Multilateral Treaty-making 318 5 International Organizations as Treaty-makers 322 5.1 Introduction 322 5.2 Initiating Treaty Negotiations 328 5.3 Organizational Patterns for Treaty-making 340 5.3.1 UN Treaty-making Conferences 341 5.3.2 Treaty-making by Experts 353 5.3.3 “Managerial” Forms of Treaty-making 365 5.3.4 Treaty-making with “Strings Attached” 380 6 Have International Organizations Improved Treaty-making? 387 6.1 The Facilitation of Cooperation 387 6.1.1 Iteration and Access to Information 388 6.1.2 Reduction of Transaction Costs 395 6.1.3 Self-Enforcing Behavior 396 6.1.4 Creation of Property Rights 408 6.1.5 Issue Linkage 412 6.2 Impeding Cooperation 414 6.3 Have IOs Made Treaties Better? 419 6.4 Interim Conclusions 443 Part III: Institutionalized Dispute Settlement 450 7 Dispute Settlement by “Non-judicial” Actors 464 7.1 Within the UN 464 7.1.1 The Security Council 465 7.1.2 The UN Compensation Commission 473 7.1.3 The General Assembly 477 7.1.4 The Secretary-General 482 7.1.5 The Human Rights Commission 484 7.1.6 The Secretariat 485 7.2. In Other IOs 487 7.2.1 Regional Organizations 487 7.2.2 The IMF 490 7.2.3 The International Civil Aviation Organization 496 7.2.4 Other UN Specialized Agencies 499 8 Dispute Settlement by “Quasi-judicial” and “Judicial” Bodies 507 8.1 Introduction 507 8.2 Regime-specific Law 514 8.3 General Public International Law 534 8.4 Other Sources of International “Obligation” 551 8.5 National Law 558 8.6 Emerging Problems 565 9 The Nature of International Adjudication 570 9.1 What Makes for a Legitimate Court? 570 9.2 When Do Courts “Make Law”? 594 9.3 Interim Conclusions 618 10 Conclusion: The Promise and Perils of International Organizations 634 10.1 IOs and the Traditional Sources of Law 637 10.2 IOs and the Changing Content of International Law 650 10.3 IOs and the Changing Law-makers 657 10.4 IOs and Changing Conceptions of Compliance 669 10.5 New Challenges to the Legitimacy of International Law 676 10.5.1 Vertical and Horizontal Challenges 679 10.5.2 The Challenge of Ideology and Power 689 10.6 Conclusion 694 Index 700 "International Organizations as Law-makers addresses how international organizations with a global reach, such as the UN and the WTO, have changed the mechanisms and reasoning behind the making, implementation, and enforcement of international law. Alvarez argues that existing descriptions of international law and international organizations do not do justice to the complex changes resulting from the increased importance of these institutions after World War II, and especially from changes after the end of the Cold War In particular, this book examines the impact of institutions on international law through the day to day application and interpretation of institutional law, the making of multilateral treaties, and the decisions of proliferating number of institutionalized dispute settlers."--Jacket