International Law and International Relations: An International Organization Reader (International Organization)

This 2007 volume is intended to help readers understand the relationship between international law and international relations (IL/IR). As a testament to this dynamic area of inquiry, new research on IL/IR is now being published in a growing list of traditional law reviews and disciplinary journals. The excerpted articles in this volume, all of which were first published in International Organization, represent some of the most important research since serious social science scholarship began in this area more than twenty five years ago. They are important milestones toward making IL/IR a central concern of scholarly research in international affairs. The contributions cover some of the main topics of international affairs to provide readers with a range of theoretical perspectives, concepts, and heuristics that can be used to analyze the relationship between international law and international relations. 0521861861......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Series title......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 11 Abstracts......Page 15 Preface......Page 31 Editors’ Note......Page 39 PART I INTERNATIONAL REGIMES THEORY: DOES LAW MATTER?......Page 41 DEFINING REGIMES AND REGIME CHANGE......Page 43 DO REGIMES MATTER?......Page 46 1. Egoistic Self-Interest......Page 50 a. Power in the Service of the Common Good......Page 51 b. Power in the Service of Particular Interests......Page 52 3. Norms and Principles......Page 53 4. Usage and Custom......Page 55 5. Knowledge......Page 56 CONCLUSION......Page 57 2 The Demand for International Regimes......Page 58 1. SYSTEMIC CONSTRAINT-CHOICE ANALYSIS: VIRTUES AND LIMITATIONS......Page 60 2. THE CONTEXT AND FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL REGIMES......Page 64 The Demand for Agreements and the Demand for Regimes......Page 69 International Regimes and Transactions Costs......Page 72 The Demand for Specific Information......Page 75 PART II COMMITMENT AND COMPLIANCE......Page 81 3 Democratic States and Commitment in International Relations......Page 83 THREE PERSPECTIVES ON DEMOCRATIC COMMITMENTS......Page 86 The Stability of Public Preferences......Page 88 The Stability of Democratic Leadership......Page 90 The Distinctive Preferences of Liberal Democracies......Page 91 The Role of Law in Liberal Democracy......Page 92 The Multiple Levels of Democratic Domestic Politics......Page 93 The Transparency of Democratic Domestic Politics......Page 94 EMPIRICAL SOUNDINGS: DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE BEHAVIOR......Page 96 The Data: Measuring Democracy and Measuring Alliances......Page 98 International Alliance Behavior and Democratic States......Page 99 The Duration of Alliances......Page 101 CONCLUSIONS......Page 103 4 On Compliance......Page 105 BACKGROUND ASSUMPTION......Page 106 Efficiency......Page 108 Interests......Page 109 NORMS......Page 114 VARIETIES OF NONCOMPLYING BEHAVIOR......Page 116 AMBIGUITY......Page 117 CAPABILITY......Page 120 The Temporal Dimension......Page 122 ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF COMPLIANCE......Page 124 DETERMINING THE ACCEPTABLE COMPLIANCE LEVEL......Page 128 CONCLUSION......Page 130 5 Is the Good News About Compliance Good News About Cooperation?......Page 132 THE MANAGERIAL THESIS......Page 133 THE ENDOGENEITY AND SELECTION PROBLEMS......Page 135 DISCUSSION......Page 139 The Rarity of Deep Cooperation......Page 141 The Causes and Cures of Noncompliance......Page 145 ENFORCEMENT AND THE FUTURE OF COOPERATION......Page 149 PART III LEGALIZATION AND ITS LIMITS......Page 153 6 The Concept of Legalization......Page 155 THE VARIABILITY OF LEGALIZATION......Page 156 Obligation......Page 162 Precision......Page 164 Delegation......Page 167 CONCLUSION......Page 169 7 Legalized Dispute Resolution: Interstate and Transnational......Page 171 A TYPOLOGY OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION......Page 173 Independence: Who Controls Adjudication?......Page 174 Access: Who Has Standing?......Page 177 Legal Embeddedness: Who Controls Formal Implementation?......Page 180 Two Ideal Types: Interstate and Transnational Dispute Resolution......Page 182 The Interstate and Transnational Politics of Access......Page 184 The Interstate and Transnational Politics of Embeddedness......Page 187 THE INTERSTATE AND TRANSNATIONAL DYNAMICS OF LEGALIZATION......Page 189 The Dynamics of Interstate Third-party Dispute Resolution......Page 190 The Dynamics of Transnational Dispute Resolution......Page 191 Beyond Formalism: The Dynamics of GATT and the WTO......Page 193 Conclusion......Page 195 8 Legalization, Trade Liberalization, and Domestic Politics: A Cautionary Note......Page 197 The Logic of Mobilization......Page 199 Mobilizing Antitrade Groups......Page 203 Mobilizing Export Groups......Page 208 The Logic of "Bindingness"......Page 212 Exceptions and Escape Clauses......Page 216 Dispute Settlement......Page 220 CONCLUSION......Page 225 9 Alternatives to "Legalization": Richer Views of Law and Politics......Page 228 A RICHER VIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 229 Custom......Page 231 Defining Characteristics of Law......Page 232 Law as Process......Page 235 WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES LAW MAKE?......Page 237 CONCLUSION......Page 241 PART IV INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INTERNATIONAL NORMS......Page 243 PRACTICE AND THEORY......Page 245 CIVIL REGIMES......Page 247 DECOLONIZATION......Page 250 QUASI-STATES......Page 252 JURIDICAL STATEHOOD IN INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 255 A NEW DUAL CIVIL REGIME......Page 258 Classical Theory......Page 263 Rationalism......Page 265 Realism......Page 266 Revolutionism......Page 268 CONCLUSION......Page 271 11 Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the "Failure" of Internationalism......Page 273 ON NORMS......Page 276 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE......Page 279 NORMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN WORLD WAR II......Page 280 Measuring Norms......Page 281 Measuring Organizational Cultures......Page 285 Microassessment of Causal Mechanisms......Page 288 British Submarine Warfare......Page 290 Constituting Heinous Warfare......Page 294 Restricting Preparations......Page 295 Gaining Advantage......Page 296 Signaling Intentions......Page 297 CONCLUSION......Page 298 12 The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force......Page 299 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY......Page 300 General Legal and Declaratory Developments......Page 305 Territorial Aggressions Since 1946: International Responses and Outcomes......Page 307 The Boundaries of Successor States......Page 316 Overview of Stages in the Development of the Norm......Page 318 ROOTS OF THE NEW TERRITORIAL ORDER......Page 319 CONCLUSION......Page 328 PART V TREATY DESIGN AND DYNAMICS......Page 331 13 Why Are Some International Agreements Informal?......Page 333 SELF-HELP AND THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT......Page 340 WHAT DO TREATIES DO?......Page 346 Speed and Obscurity......Page 352 Uncertainty and Renegotiation......Page 354 HIDDEN AGREEMENTS......Page 358 THE STATUS OF TACIT AGREEMENTS......Page 361 CHOOSING BETWEEN TREATIES AND INFORMAL AGREEMENTS......Page 365 CONCLUSION: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BY INFORMAL AGREEMENT......Page 370 14 The Politics of Dispute Settlement Design: Explaining Legalism in Regional Trade Pacts......Page 371 DEFINING THE SPECTRUM: FROM DIPLOMACY TO LEGALISM......Page 373 Policy Discretion......Page 377 Treaty Compliance......Page 378 Assessing the Trade-off......Page 380 THE DATA SET......Page 383 OVERVIEW OF REGIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT......Page 390 MEASURING ASYMMETRY AND PROPOSED INTEGRATION......Page 397 ASYMMETRY, PROPOSED INTEGRATION, AND LEGALISM......Page 401 CONCLUSION......Page 410 APPENDIX A: SOURCES FOR TREATY TEXTS......Page 412 Nonreciprocal Agreements......Page 413 Unavailable Agreements......Page 414 15 Loosening the Ties that Bind: A Learning Model of Agreement Flexibility......Page 415 MODEL: LEARNING ABOUT THE WORKINGS OF AN AGREEMENT......Page 417 Assumptions......Page 418 Basics of the Model......Page 419 Notation......Page 422 Timeline......Page 424 Equilibrium......Page 425 Comparative Statics......Page 426 NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY......Page 430 Background and Substance of the Agreement......Page 431 Duration and Renegotiation: The Role of Uncertainty......Page 432 Duration and Renegotiation: The Compromise......Page 436 Resolving the Uncertainty Through Learning......Page 438 CONCLUSION......Page 441 16 Driving with the Rearview Mirror: On the Rational Science of Institutional Design......Page 443 Alternatives to "Rational"......Page 446 The Logic of Appropriateness......Page 447 On Uncertainty......Page 449 Alternatives to "Design"......Page 451 No Designer?......Page 452 No Intentionality?......Page 454 No Choice?......Page 456 BROADENING THE SCIENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN......Page 458 Institutional Effectiveness......Page 460 Normative Desirability......Page 461 CONCLUSION......Page 463 17 The Dynamics of International Law: The Interaction of Normative and Operating Systems......Page 466 INTERNATIONAL LAW AS OPERATING AND NORMATIVE SYSTEMS......Page 467 Operating System......Page 468 The Normative System......Page 472 The Necessity of Necessity......Page 475 The Impetus of Political Shocks......Page 477 The Role of Leading States......Page 479 Domestic Political Influences......Page 482 ILLUSTRATING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE OPERATING AND THE NORMATIVE SYSTEMS: THE CASE OF THE GENOCIDE NORM......Page 483 The Genocide Norm......Page 484 Jurisdiction......Page 485 Institutions......Page 487 Subjects/Actors in International Law......Page 491 CONCLUSION......Page 493 PART VI LAW AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS......Page 495 18 Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration......Page 497 A RETURN TO NEOFUNCTIONALISM......Page 500 Neofunctionalism in historical perspective: a theory of political integration......Page 501 The actors: circumventing the state......Page 502 The process: incremental expansion......Page 503 The context: nominally apolitical......Page 504 A NEOFUNCTIONALIST JURISPRUDENCE......Page 505 Actors: a specialized national and supranational community......Page 506 Motives: the self-interest of judges, lawyers, and professors......Page 508 Giving individual litigants a personal stake in community law......Page 509 Courting the national courts......Page 512 Reciprocal Empowerment......Page 514 Functional spillover: the logic of law......Page 515 Political spillover: "transnational incrementalism"......Page 517 Upgrading common interests......Page 518 Context: the (apparent) separation of law and politics......Page 519 Maintaining the Fiction......Page 520 Transforming the political into the legal......Page 522 Law as a mask......Page 523 [CONCLUSION]......Page 524 19 The European Court of Justice, National Governments, and Legal Integration in the European Union......Page 526 THE LEGAL POLITICS GAME IN THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 529 ECJ PRECEDENT, DOMESTIC POLITICS, AND EU COALITIONS......Page 533 The ECJ......Page 534 The Litigant Government......Page 535 Other Member Governments......Page 536 A STRATEGIC HISTORY OF ECJ CASE LAW......Page 537 Import Bans on Agricultural Products......Page 538 Equal Treatment of the Sexes......Page 540 History of Direct Effect......Page 544 The Francovich Ruling......Page 545 Government Responses to Francovich......Page 546 Toward a System of State Liability for the Violation of EU Law......Page 548 CONCLUSION......Page 550 PART VII OTHER SUBSTANTIVE AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 553 20 Scraps of Paper? Agreements and the Durability of Peace......Page 555 COOPERATION THEORY AND AGREEMENTS......Page 557 Reducing Uncertainty About Actions and Intentions......Page 560 Controlling Accidents......Page 562 Political Settlement......Page 563 The Counterargument: Agreements Are Epiphenomenal, Merely "Scraps of Paper"......Page 564 The Cease-Fires Data Set......Page 565 Baseline Prospects for Peace......Page 568 Agreement Strength......Page 570 Assessing Individual Peace Mechanisms......Page 571 Political Settlement......Page 579 CONCLUSION......Page 581 21 In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-Based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO......Page 583 Sovereign Equality Decision-Making Rules at the GATT/WTO......Page 587 Law-Based Bargaining at the GATT/WTO......Page 589 Relative Market Size as an Underlying Source of Bargaining Power at the GATT/WTO......Page 590 Power Tactics at the GATT/ WTO: Asymmetrical Contracting and Coercion......Page 592 Launching Trade Rounds through Law-Based Bargaining......Page 593 Informal Agenda Setting in the Shadow of Closure......Page 594 The End of the Day: Power-Based Bargaining in Closing Trade Rounds – and the Cold War Context as a Constraint......Page 596 Closing the Tokyo Round......Page 597 Closing the Uruguay Round: The Single Undertaking......Page 599 MAINTAINING SOVEREIGN EQUALITY RULES TO GENERATE INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERESTS OF ALL STATES......Page 600 Distributive Consequences......Page 604 Making at the GATT/WTO......Page 605 22 The Legalization of International Monetary Affairs......Page 608 The Nineteenth-Century Gold Standard......Page 609 The Interwar Years......Page 610 Fixed Exchange Rates: The Rise and Fall of Legalization......Page 612 Remaining Monetary Obligations: Article VIII......Page 613 LEGAL COMMITMENT: EXPECTATIONS AND EVIDENCE......Page 616 WHO COMPLIES? EXPLAINING THE COMPLIANCE DECISION......Page 625 CONCLUSION......Page 630 23 Constructing an Atrocities Regime: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals......Page 634 IDEAS, INTERESTS, AND INSTITUTIONS......Page 635 THE ICTY IN BOSNIA......Page 638 GENOCIDE IN RWANDA......Page 642 THE ICTY IN KOSOVO......Page 647 Cambodia......Page 651 Indonesia and East Timor......Page 652 THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT......Page 653 Formation......Page 655 Application......Page 657 Expanded Goals and Institutional Adjustments......Page 658 CONCLUSION......Page 660 24 The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe......Page 662 Interstate Power: "For Countries at the Top, This Is Predictable"......Page 666 Normative Persuasion: "The Inescapable Ideological Appeal of Human Rights"......Page 667 The "New Orthodoxy": A Curious Convergence of Realism and Idealism......Page 669 REPUBLICAN LIBERALISM: DEMOCRATIC PEACE AND DOMESTIC COMMITMENT......Page 672 TESTING THE THEORIES: THE NEGOTIATION OF THE ECHR......Page 676 Cross-National Variation in National Preferences......Page 677 The Domestic and International Decision-Making Process......Page 680 Domestic Deliberation and Public Justification......Page 681 The Origin and Evolution of Human Rights Regimes......Page 686 Generalizing the Theory to Other Issue Areas......Page 689 Realism and Idealism in International Relations Theory......Page 691 25 Regime Design Matters: Intentional Oil Pollution and Treaty Compliance......Page 693 COMPLIANCE THEORY AND DEFINITIONS......Page 695 TWO SUBREGIMES FOR INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION CONTROL......Page 698 The Discharge Subregime......Page 699 The Equipment Subregime......Page 701 OBSERVED COMPLIANCE LEVELS......Page 703 LOT......Page 706 COW......Page 707 SBT......Page 709 Enhancing Transparency......Page 711 Facilitating Potent but Low-Cost Sanctions......Page 715 Building on Existing Institutions......Page 718 Coercing Compliance Rather than Deterring Violation......Page 719 CONCLUSION......Page 721 26 The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources......Page 724 EXPLAINING NORM CHANGE: THE RISE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES......Page 728 The Common Heritage System......Page 730 The Demise of the Common Heritage System......Page 733 Biodiversity and Bioprospecting......Page 734 The Legalization of Property Rights......Page 736 REGIME COMPLEXES AND THE STUDY OF REGIMES......Page 739 No Clean Slate......Page 740 Legal Consistency......Page 743 Regime Development Through Implementation......Page 745 CONCLUSION......Page 748 References......Page 751 Index......Page 753 Structural Causes And Regime Consequences : Regimes As Intervening Variables (1982) / Stephen D. Krasner -- The Demand For International Regimes (1982) / Robert O. Keohane -- Democratic States And Commitments In International Relations (1996) / Kurt Taylor Gaubatz -- On Compliance (1993) / Abram Chayes And Antonia Handler Chayes -- Is The Good News About Compliance Good News About Cooperation? (1996) / George Downs, David M. Rocke, And Peter Barsoom -- The Concept Of Legalization (2000) / Kenneth Abbot [and Others] -- Legalized Dispute Resolution : Interstate And Transnational (2000) / Robert Keohane, Andrew Moravcsik, And Anne-marie Slaughter -- Legalization, Trade Liberalization, And Domestic Politics : A Cautionary Note (2000) / Judith Goldstein And Lisa L. Martin -- Alternatives To Legalization : Richer Views Of Law And Politics (2001) / Martha Finnemore And Stephen J. Toope --^ Quasi-states, Dual Regimes, And Neoclassical Theory : International Jurisprudence And The Third World (1987) / Robert H. Jackson -- Which Norms Matter? Revisiting The Failure Of Internationalism (1997) / Jeffrey W. Legro -- The Territorial Integrity Norm : International Boundaries And The Use Of Force (2001) / Mark Zacher -- Why Are Some International Agreements Informal? (1991) / Charles Lipson -- The Politics Of Dispute Settlement Design : Explaining Legalism In Regional Trade Pacts (2000) / James Mccall Smith -- Loosening The Ties That Bind : A Learning Model Of Agreement Flexibility (2001) / Barbara Koremenos -- Driving With The Rearview Mirror : On The Rational Science Of Institutional Design (2001) / Alexander Wendt -- The Dynamics Of International Law : The Interaction Of Normative And Operating Systems (2003) / Paul F. Diehl, Charlotte Ku, And Daniel Zamora --^ Europe Before The Court : A Political Theory Of Legal Integration (1993) / Anne-marie Slaughter [burley] And Walter Mattli -- The European Court Of Justice, National Governments, And Legal Integration In The European Union (1998) / Geoffrey Arrett, R. Daniel Kelemen, And Heiner Schulz -- Scraps Of Paper? Agreements And The Durability Of Peace (2003) / Virginia Page Fortna -- In The Shadow Of Law Or Power? Consensus-based Bargaining And Outcomes In The Gatt/wto (2002) / Richard H. Steinberg -- The Legalization Of International Monetary Affairs (2000) / Beth Simmons -- Constructing An Atrocities Regime : The Politics Of War Crimes Tribunals (2001) / Christopher Rudolph -- The Origins Of Human Rights Regimes : Democratic Delegation In Postwar Europe (2000) / Andrew Moravcsik -- Regime Design Matters : International Oil Pollution And Treaty Compliance (1994) / Ronald B. Mitchell -- The Regime Complex For Plant Genetic Resources (2004) / Kal Raustiala And David G. Victor. Edited By Beth A. Simmons And Richard H. Steinberg. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Structural causes and regime consequences : regimes as intervening variables (1982) / Stephen D. Krasner The demand for international regimes (1982) / Robert O. Keohane Democratic states and commitments in international relations (1996) / Kurt Taylor Gaubatz On compliance (1993) / Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes Is the good news about compliance good news about cooperation? (1996) / George Downs, David M. Rocke, and Peter Barsoom The concept of legalization (2000) / Kenneth Abbot ... [et al.] Legalized dispute resolution : interstate and transnational (2000) / Robert Keohane, Andrew Moravcsik, and Anne-Marie Slaughter Legalization, trade liberalization, and domestic politics : a cautionary note (2000) / Judith Goldstein and Lisa L. Martin Alternatives to "legalization" : richer views of law and politics (2001) / Martha Finnemore and Stephen J. Toope Quasi-states, dual regimes, and neoclassical theory : international jurisprudence and the third world (1987) / Robert H. Jackson Which norms matter? revisiting the "failure" of internationalism (1997) / Jeffrey W. Legro The territorial integrity norm : international boundaries and the use of force (2001) / Mark Zacher Why are some international agreements informal? (1991) / Charles Lipson The politics of dispute settlement design : explaining legalism in regional trade pacts (2000) / James McCall Smith Loosening the ties that bind : a learning model of agreement flexibility (2001) / Barbara Koremenos Driving with the rearview mirror : on the rational science of institutional design (2001) / Alexander Wendt The dynamics of international law : the interaction of normative and operating systems (2003) / Paul F. Diehl, Charlotte Ku, and Daniel Zamora Europe before the court : a political theory of legal integration (1993) / Anne-Marie Slaughter [Burley] and Walter Mattli The European Court of Justice, national governments, and legal integration in the European Union (1998) / Geoffrey Arrett, R. Daniel Kelemen, and Heiner Schulz Scraps of paper? agreements and the durability of peace (2003) / Virginia Page Fortna In the shadow of law or power? consensus-based bargaining and outcomes in the GATT/WTO (2002) / Richard H. Steinberg The legalization of international monetary affairs (2000) / Beth Simmons Constructing an atrocities regime : the politics of war crimes tribunals (2001) / Christopher Rudolph The origins of human rights regimes : democratic delegation in postwar Europe (2000) / Andrew Moravcsik Regime design matters : international oil pollution and treaty compliance (1994) / Ronald B. Mitchell The regime complex for plant genetic resources (2004) / Kal Raustiala and David G. Victor.