International Handbook Of Health Expectancies (international Handbooks Of Population (9))

This handbook presents global research on health expectancies, a measure of population health that examines the interaction between quantity and quality of life. With data from Europe, North America, Asia, and beyond, it explains how to define and measure health and morbidity and how to integrate these measurements with mortality. Coverage first highlights long-term trends in longevity and health. It also considers variations across and within countries, inequalities, and social gaps as well as micro and macro-level determinants. Next, the handbook deals with the methodological aspects of calculating health expectancies. It compares results from different methods and introduces tools, such as decomposition tool for decomposing gaps, an attrition tool for attributing a medical cause to reported disability, and a tool for measuring policy impact on health expectancies. It introduces methods of forecasting health expectancies. The handbook then goes on to examine the synergies and/or trade-off between longevity and health as well as considers such topics as the compression versus the expansion of morbidity/disability and the health-survival paradox. The last section considers new concepts and dimensions of health and, more broadly, well being which can be used in summary measures of population health, including psychological factors. Researchers, clinicians, demographers, and health planners will find this handbook an essential resource to this increasingly important public health and social policy tool. It will help readers gain insight into changes in health over time as well as inequalities between countries, regions, and population subgroups. Preface Contents Contributors Abbreviations Part I: Monitoring Trends and Gaps 1: Operationalization of Concepts of Health and Disability Introduction Health The Medical Model WHO Definition EuroQOL Health Concept Proposed by Huber Self-Rated Health Disability Washington Group Questions WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 WHO Model Disability Survey Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Global Activity Limitation Indicator (GALI) Importance of Including Disability Severity Evolution of the Disability Concept and Importance for Public Health Policies Frailty Phenotype Model Cumulative Deficit Model Multidimensional Model Importance of Developing a Global Frailty Measure Composite Health Measures Conclusions References 2: Trends in Health Expectancies Introduction Defining the Different Health Scenarios Possible Trends in Population Health Trends and Scenarios Observed in Different Parts of the World Discussion Conclusion References 3: An Analysis of Macro-level Determinants of Geographic Disparities in Health Expectancies Background Review of Empirical Research Findings The European Union (EU) Member Countries The United Kingdom (UK) East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Republics Japan China Summary References 4: Monitoring Social Differentials in Health Expectancies Background Health Expectancies by Social Status Policy Relevance of Measuring Social Inequalities in Health Expectancies Defining and Measuring Social Status How the Social Situation of Individuals Relates to their Health Understanding the Determinants of Social Health Inequality Social Status and the Disablement Process Stratifying a Population by a Social Criterion Selecting the Appropriate Social Criteria Alternative Approaches to Individual Social Criteria Measuring Social Status, and Mortality and Health by Social Status Collecting Appropriate Information on Mortality and Health by Social Status Availability of Data Stratified by Social Status Collecting Social Status in Surveys or Censuses The Measure of Mortality by SES: Linked vs Unlinked Data Sources Measuring Health by Socio-economic Status The International Literature on Health Expectancy by Social Status Characteristics of the Studies: Social Indicators, Country, Method Patterns and Trends in Health Expectancy by Social Status Social Inequalities in Health Expectancies Varying Gaps According to the Health or Disability Indicator Social Differences in Health Expectancies Across Age Social Differences in Health Expectancies by Gender Trends in Health Expectancies by Social Status Health Expectancy Within Countries Across Deprivation Areas Comparing Social Inequalities in Health Expectancy Across Countries or Regions Underlying Mechanisms for Social Differences in Health Expectancies Living Standard, Work Conditions, Health Related Practices and Risks Factors Country Variations Incidence and Recovery: Differentiated Health Transitions Discussion: Perspectives to Monitor Social Gaps in Health Expectancies Methodological Issues and Data Improvements New Insights References Part II: Advances in Data and Methodology 5: Data Sources for Health Expectancy Research Types of Data Measures Used in Health Expectancy Research Self-Rated Health Disability and Functional Limitation Chronic Conditions and Diseases Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Psychological Well-Being Covariates Data Sources Cross-Sectional Censuses Surveys Panel Data Surveys Administrative Data Cross-National Data Sources Conclusion References 6: Attributing Causes to Disability Introduction Attribution Method Binomial Additive Hazard Model Multinomial Additive Hazard Model Assumptions of the Additive Hazard Models Absolute and Relative Contribution of Diseases and Background to the Disability Prevalence Application of the Attribution Method to the National Health Survey, Brazil, 2013 Data Results for the Binomial Model Results for the Multinomial Model Interpretation of the Cumulative Rates of Disability and Multimorbidity Independence Assumption Previous Applications of the Attribution Method Contribution of Diseases to Gender and Education Disparities in Health Expectancies Contribution of Diseases to Disparities in Years Lived with Disability Contribution of Diseases to the Disability Prevalence Alternative Methods Strengths and Limitations of the Attribution Method Compared to Other Methods Concluding Remarks Suggestions for Future Analyses References 7: Decomposing Gaps in Healthy Life Expectancy Introduction Developments in Decomposition Analysis Decomposing Change in an Aggregate Index into Direct Versus Compositional Change Decomposing an Index into the Contribution of Its Covariates Decomposition of Healthy Life Expectancy General Formulations for Decomposition Problems Step-Wise Decomposition Method Continuous Change Decomposition Method Comparing Step-Wise and Continuous Change Methodologies Software to Decompose Healthy Life Expectancy Decomposing Healthy Life Expectancy with the DemoDecomp R Package Installing the Package in R Installing Other Needed Packages The Decomposition Functions Built into the DemoDecomp Package Creating a Function to Estimate the Sullivan HLE Preparing the Inputs Calculating the Gap in Healthy Life Expectancy Decomposing the Gap into Its Age-Specific Mortality and Morbidity Contributions Interpreting the Results Checking That Our Contributions Sum to the Gap Conclusion and Future Outlook References 8: Assessing the Impact of Risk Factors on Health Expectancy Introduction Health Expectancy by Risk Factor Exposure Sullivan’s Method Stratified by Risk Factor Exposure Multistate Life Table Methods Micro-simulation Modelling Conclusion References 9: Microsimulation of Health Expectancies, Life Course Health, and Health Policy Outcomes Background Summary of Microsimulation Contributions of Microsimulation to Active Life Expectancy Research Variation Among and Within Groups New Measures of Population Health Policy Simulations Innovative Models of Population Health Forecasting Disability and Service Needs Estimating Interval Need in the United States Conclusions Strengths Considerations and Approaches to Address Them Directions for Future Research Use High Quality Longitudinal Data Enhance Reporting of Uncertainty Extend Active Life Expectancy Research to Younger Ages References 10: Forecasting Health Expectancy – What the Future Might Hold Background Review of Forecasting Models Cross-Sectional Methods Macrosimulation Models Microsimulation Models Future Research References Part III: Quantity and Quality of Life: Synergy and/or Trade-Off 11: Gender Differences in Healthy and Unhealthy Life Expectancy Introduction Variation of the Gender Gap in Health Expectancy by Health Indicator Activity Limitation Chronic Morbidity Self-Perceived General Health Variations in the Gender Gap in Healthy and Unhealthy Life Expectancy Gender Differences in Health Reporting Summary and Concluding Remarks References 12: Self-Rated Health: When and How to Use It in Studies Among Older People? Introduction Why SRH May Deviate from More Objective Health Measures The Use of SRH as a Proxy Measure of Objective Health Status Discriminating Between Poor and Good Health at One Point in Time Repeated Measures and Response Shift in SRH SRH and Clinical Trials Using SRH in Trend Studies Using SRH in Cross-National Studies Variations in Measuring and Analysing SRH Conclusions and Recommendations Using SRH as a Measure of Health Perceptions Using SRH as a Proxy Measure of More Objective Health Status Cross-Sectional Studies: Screening Populations Longitudinal Studies: Measuring Health Trajectories or Outcomes of Clinical Trials Estimating Trends in Health Over Time and Across Countries Conclusion References 13: Health Expectancy in Policy: The Use and Uptake of the Healthy Life Years Indicator and the Global Activity Limitation Indicator by the European Commission and Member States Healthy Life Years as an Indicator of Progress with the Lisbon Strategy: The Early Days Contemporary Uptake of the HLY Indicator HLY Use in Health and Other Policy Domains The GALI in Surveys Presentation and Dissemination of HLY Capacity to Use GALI and HLY Concluding Remarks References 14: Policy Relevance of Health Expectancy in Health Promotion Introduction Health Promotion Movement and the World Health Organization (WHO) Healthy People in the United States (US) Utilisation of Health Expectancy in Europe Health Promotion in Japan Health Promotion Policies in Japan at National Level Health Promotion Policies at Local Level in Japan Including Public and Private Initiatives Health Expectancy Knowledge and Interest Within the General Population in Japan Conclusion References 15: Utility of Health Expectancy When Evaluating Health Care Systems Contribution of Health Care to Health Outcomes in Determinants of Health Framework Current Uses of Health Expectancies by Health Care Systems Potential Applications of Health Expectancies as Outcome Measures for Health Care Systems Research and Planning Applications Clinical and Operational Applications Mission/Strategy/Policy Applications Barriers to Using Health Expectancies as Outcome Measures for Health Care Systems and Opportunities to Overcome the Barriers Actionability: Health Care Systems and Clinicians May Not Know How to Impact Health Expectancies, and Health Expectancies May Be Slow to Respond to Clinical Interventions Limited Data Availability and Currency: Limiting Frequency of Reporting and/or Minimum Population Size Discussion References Part IV: Assessing New Dimensions 16: Pain and Disablement Introduction Measurement and Conceptualization of Pain Linking Pain to Disability Empirical Evidence Using Two Datasets Data Prevalence The Association Between Pain and Disablement Summary and Discussion Conclusion References 17: Cognitive and Mental Health Expectancies Introduction Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Measurement of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Population-Based Studies Dementia Findings Cognitive Impairment Findings Demographic and Risk Factor Differentials in Cognitive Impairment Free Health Expectancies Mental Health Measurement of Common Mental Disorders and Mental Health in Epidemiological Surveys Summary of Findings on Mental Ill-Health Free Life Expectancies Limitations and Future Research References 18: Combining Working Life and Health Expectancies Introduction The Concept of Working Life Expectancy Measures of Working Life Expectancy Across the World and Trends in Europe Working Life and Health Expectancies Summary and Outlook References 19: Subjective Well-being: Long and Happy Lives Introduction Subjective Well-being Measuring Subjective Well-being Determinants of Happiness Gender Differences in Happiness Cross-Country Differences in Happiness Happy Life Years National Differences Gender Differences Conclusion References 20: Revisiting the Disablement Process Introduction Types of Models Visual Image Taxonomy Formal Theory Scientific Model: The Disablement Process Comparing Types of Models Conclusion References 21: Oral Health, Longevity and Quality of Life Introduction Oral Health and Morbidity Oral Health and Mortality Oral Health and Health Expectancies and Quality of Life Oral Health as a Risk Factor for Health Expectancy Oral Health Expectancy Discussion References 22: Conclusions and Future Directions Future Trends in Life and Health Expectancy Inequalities in Health Expectancies Between Population Subgroups The Inter-Relationship Between Different Health Dimensions References Preface: Carol Jagger, Eileen Crimmins, Yasuhiko Saito, Renata Tiene De Carvalho Yokota, Herman Van Oyen and Jean-Marie Robine -- Part I Monitoring trends and gaps: 1 Operationalization of Concepts of Health and Disability: Renata Tiene De Carvalho Yokota and Herman Van Oyen -- 2 Trends in health expectancies: Jean-Marie Robine, Carol Jagger, Eileen Crimmins, Yasuhiko Saito and Herman Van Oyen -- 3 An analysis of macro-level determinants of geographic disparities in health expectancies: Yuka Minagawa and Carol Jagger -- 4 Monitoring social differentials in health expectancies: Emmanuelle Cambois, Henrik Brønnum-Hansen, Mark Hayward and Wilma Nusselder -- Part II Advances in data and metholodolgy: 5 Data Sources for Health Expectancy Research: Mary Beth Ofstedal -- 6 Attributing causes to disability: Wilma J Nusselder, Caspar C Looman, Herman Van Oyen and Renata TC Yokota -- 7 Decomposing gaps in healthy life expectancy: Alyson A. van Raalte and Marília R. Nepomuceno -- 8 Assessing the impact of risk factors on health expectancy: Henrik Brønnum-Hansen -- 9 Microsimulation of health expectancies, life course health, and health policy outcomes: Sarah B. Laditka, James N. Laditka and Carol Jagger -- 10 Forecasting health expectancy - what the future might hold: Carol Jagger and Andrew Kingston -- Part III Quantity and quality of life: synergy and/or trade-off: 11 Gender differences in healthy and unhealthy life expectancy: Vanessa Di Lego, Paola Di Giulio and Marc Luy -- 12 Self-rated health: when and how to use it in studies among older people?: Henrike Galenkamp, Arjan W. Braam, Martijn Huisman and Dorly J.H. Deeg -- 13 Health expectancy in policy: the use and uptake of the Healthy Life Years indicator and the Global Activity Limitation Indicator by the European Commission and Member States: Petronille Bogaert, Martin McKee and Jean-Marie Robine -- 14 Policy relevance of health expectancy in health promotion: Toshiyuki Ojima -- 15 Utility of Health Expectancy when Evaluating Health Care Systems: Matthew C. Stiefel -- Part IV Assessing new dimensions: 16 Pain and Disablement: Zachary Zimmer and Sara Rubin -- 17 Cognitive and Mental Health Expectancies: Kaarin J Anstey, Kim M Kiely and Nicole Ee -- 18 Combining working life and health expectancies: Elke Loichinger and Daniela Weber -- 19 Subjective Well-being: Long and happy lives: Aïda Solé-Auró -- 20 Revisiting the Disablement Process: Lois M. Verbrugge -- 21 Oral health, longevity and quality of life: Chi-Tsun Chiu, Angelique Wei-Ming Chan and Yasuhiko Saito -- Conclusions and future directions: Jean-Marie Robine, Eileen Crimmins, Carol Jagger, Yasuhiko Saito, Renata Tiene De Carvalho Yokota and Herman Van Oyen