International Encyclopedia of Public Health (7 Volumes Set) 1-7

International Encyclopedia of Public Health, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set is an authoritative and comprehensive guide to the major issues, challenges, methods, and approaches of global public health. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, this new edition combines complementary scientific fields of inquiry, linking biomedical research with the social and life sciences to address the three major themes of public health research, disease, health processes, and disciplines. This book helps readers solve real-world problems in global and local health through a multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach. Covering all dimensions of the field, from the details of specific diseases, to the organization of social insurance agencies, the articles included cover the fundamental research areas of health promotion, economics, and epidemiology, as well as specific diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and reproductive health. Additional articles on the history of public health, global issues, research priorities, and health and human rights make this work an indispensable resource for students, health researchers, and practitioners alike. Provides the most comprehensive, high-level, internationally focused reference work available on public health Presents an invaluable resource for both researchers familiar with the field and non-experts requiring easy-to-find, relevant, global information and a greater understanding of the wider issues Contains interdisciplinary coverage across all aspects of public health Incorporates biomedical and health social science issues and perspectives Includes an international focus with contributions from global domain experts, providing a complete picture of public health issues Cover Volume 1 Front Cover INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH Copyright EDITORIAL BOARD CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1 GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Structure of the Encyclopedia 1. Alphabetical Contents List 2. Cross-references 3. Subject Classification List 4. Index 5. Contributors SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION Behavioral Factors in Public Health Demography, Epidemiology and Public Health Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Epidemiology and Public Policy Epidemiology of Diseases Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology Health Services Health Systems History of Epidemiology and Public Health Methods and Measurement in Epidemiology Public Health of Population Sub-Groups Sexual and Reproductive Health PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION FOREWORD CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES A Acute Care Hospitals Adenoviruses Adolescents Agenda Setting in Public Health Policy Aging: Nutrition and the Older Adults Aging, Physical Activity, and Health Agricultural Health and Safety Alcohol Consumption: An Overview of International Trends Alcohol Consumption: The Social and Economic Impacts Alcohol Industry Alcohol, Integrated Control of Alcohol: Treatment Alma-Ata and Primary Health Care: An Evolving Story Anemia Anthropological Perspectives in Bioethics Anthropological Perspectives on the Health Transition Antibiotic Development and Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance in a One Health and One World Perspective – Mechanisms and Solutions Arboviruses Arms Control Measures Arsenic Asbestos Asthma Autoimmune Diseases B Bacterial Infections: Overview Bacteriology, Historical Bioaerosols Biodiversity, Health Implications of Biostatistics Bladder Cancer Blindness Blood Transfusion Services Botulism Brain Tumors Breast Cancer Brucellosis Burden of Disease and Injury Caused by Alcohol Burns and Scalds C Cadmium Canada, Health System of Cancer and Senescence Cancer Economics Cancer Epidemiology Cancer: Global Burden, Trends, and Projections Cancer Mortality Cancer Prevention Cancer Screening: Theory and Applications Cancer Survival Carcinogens, Environmental Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Centers for Disease Control Cerebrovascular Disease Child Abuse/Treatment Child Labor Child Obesity and Health Child Rights Child Soldiers Child Witness to Violence Childhood Infectious Diseases: Overview Children and Adolescents, Measuring the Quality of Life of Children, Media and Health Chlamydia (Trachoma and Sexually Transmitted Infections) Volume 2 INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH Copyright EDITORIAL BOARD CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2 GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Structure of the Encyclopedia 1. Alphabetical Contents List 2. Cross-references 3. Subject Classification List 4. Index 5. Contributors CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 Cholera and Other Vibrioses Cholera (V. cholerae O1/O139) ‘Nonepidemic’ V. cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus References Further Reading Cholesterol and Lipids Introduction Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Role in Atherosclerosis Determinants of Blood Cholesterol Concentration Associations between Blood Cholesterol and Vascular Disease Interventions to Reduce LDL Cholesterol Burden of Disease Attributable to Blood Cholesterol References Chronic Disease Modeling Why and When to Use Modeling Chronic Disease Public Health Impact of Chronic Diseases A Basic Model Research Question and Model Structure Time Model Implementation: Macrosimulation and Microsimulation Population Models Validation Actual Models References Relevant Websites Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Introduction Diseases Resulting in Irreversible Airflow Obstruction Airflow Obstruction and Stages of COPD Burden of COPD Risk Factors for COPD Pathogenesis Treatment Conclusion References Circulatory Diseases and Aging Introduction Data Approaches to Data Analysis and Modeling Discussion References Relevant Websites Classic Concepts of Disease Preliminaries Concerning the Logic of Medical Terminology The Ontology of Disease The Epistemology of Disease The Axiology of Disease Further Reading Classification of Mental Disorders: Principles and Concepts Introduction ICD-10 System of Classification of Mental Disorders Main Principles and Concepts for Classification of Mental Disorders Future of Mental Health Classifications References Relevant Website Clinical Epidemiology Definitions of Clinical Epidemiology A Brief History of Clinical Epidemiology Typical Clinical Epidemiologic Investigations Education Programs for Training Clinical Epidemiologists Clinical Epidemiology's Detractors The Current State of Clinical Epidemiology Clinical Epidemiology and the Clinical Journals Clinical Epidemiologic Contributions to Five Recent Evolutions References Further Reading Relevant Websites Clinical Trials Introduction Trial Development Conduct and Reporting of Trials References Further Reading Relevant Websites Codes of Ethics in Public Health Introduction Origins of the Code of Ethics in Public Health Codes of Ethics for Disciplines within Public Health Ethics in Global Health Research Ethics Applications of the Public Health Code of Ethics The Future of Public Health Codes of Ethics References Further Reading Relevant Websites Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology Risk Factors and Causes Pathogenesis Screening Diagnosis and Staging Treatment References Further Reading Relevant Websites Community Health Insurance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Defining an Elusive Concept CHI in the Context of Universal Coverage CHI in Africa CHI in Asia Which Future for CHI? References Further Reading Relevant Websites Community Health Workers History and Background Issue One: Who is a CHW? Issue Two: Can CHWs Be Both Service Extenders and Facilitators for Community Improvement? Issue Three: What Training and Support Does the CHW Need? Issue Four: Are CHW Programs Effective? Issue Five: Are CHW Programs Sustainable? Community Health Workers: The Way Forward? References Further Reading Relevant Websites Community-Based Nutrition Programmes What is Community-Based Nutrition Programming? Process and System of Community-Based Programmes Linking Community-Based Programmes to Service Delivery Evidence for Community-Based Programmes Reliance on Community Resources for Dietary Improvement Goals and Impact of Community-Based Programmes Policy and Investment for Scaling up Nutrition Conclusion References Comparative Health Systems Introduction Methods in Comparative Health Systems Variation of Health Systems and Their Performance Criticism of Comparative Analysis of Health Systems References Further Reading Comparative Risk Assessment Diseases and Risk Factors Quantifying the Burden of Disease Attributable to Risk Factors Burden of Disease Attributable to Multiple Risk Factors Attributable and Avoidable Disease Burden Global and Regional Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors Conclusions References Relevant Websites Competition in Health Care Principles of Competition Physician Competition Hospital Competition Competition among Health Insurers Pharmaceutical Competition Conclusion References Further Reading Compression of Morbidity Introduction Historical Perspectives on Population Health Compression of Mortality – Is It Occurring? Compression of Morbidity – Is It Occurring? Conclusion References Consumerism: Overview Introduction What Is Consumerism? Conclusion – Future of Consumerism in Health Care References Further Reading Relevant Websites Contaminants Associated with Drinking Water Water Pollution Regulations Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Emerging Water Contaminants Pollution Control and Water Treatment References Coronary Heart Disease Burden of Disease Time Trends and Regional Variation Risk Factors for CHD Incidence and Case Fatality of CHD Triggering Factors Circadian, Weekly, and Seasonal Variation Prevention of CHD References Further Reading Corruption and the Consequences for Public Health What Is Corruption? Effects of Corruption on Health Causes of Corruption Preventing Corruption Anticorruption and Health Reform Steps for the Future References Further Reading Relevant Websites Cost-Influenced Treatment Decisions and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Introduction Theoretical Framework of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice Concluding Remarks References Further Reading Cultural Competence in Public Health Background Cultural Influences Cultural Competence Cultural Competence Continuum Essential Elements of Cultural Competence Cultural Competence in Public Health and Health Promotion Barriers and Enablers for Culturally Competent Health Promotion and Public Health Research Enablers Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further Reading Relevant Websites Cultural Contexts of Reproductive Health Introduction History of Anthropological Research on Human Reproduction Biological Anthropology and the Study of Human Reproduction Structural–Materialist Anthropology and the Study of Human Reproduction Sociocultural Anthropology and the Study of Human Reproduction Public Health and the Anthropology of Reproduction Future Research References Further Reading Cultural Epidemiology Introduction Early Schools of Epidemiology and Their Past and Present Relevance to Cultural Epidemiology The Relationship between Technology, Epidemiology, and Anthropology Contemporary Challenges Conclusion References Further Reading Cultural Factors Influencing Therapeutic Practice Introduction Disease Explanatory Models The Meaning of Traditional Medicines and Therapeutic Outcomes Complex Therapeutic Landscapes: Medicines That Overlap Other Contexts Psychotropic Medicines Contemporary International Public Health Issues Further Reading Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Health Communication The ‘Culture’ in Cultural Issues and Health Communication Defining Health Communication Linguistic Complications in Health Communication Language of Health Communication in Clinical Encounters Health Communication and the Issue of (Non)Referentiality in Clinical Encounters Sociolinguistic Practices in Clinical Encounters As Cultural Issues in Health Communication Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Risk Communication Culture in Public Health Communication in Crisis Situations Culture and Language in Environmental Health Communication Language and Culture in Emergency/Disaster Communication Linguistic Complications in Health and Nutrition Communication Health Communication on the Internet and Social Media Addressing Cultural Issues and Linguistic Complications in Health Communication References Cystic Fibrosis Further Reading D Decision Analytic Modeling Demand for Health Care Demography, Epidemiology, and Public Health Demography of Aging Dengue Dental Epidemiology Determinants of National Health Expenditure Diabetes Mellitus, Epidemiology Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Diet and Cancer Diet and Heart Disease Diphtheria Disability and Rehabilitation Disasters and Emergency Planning Disease Classification Disease Prevention: An Overview Drinking Water and Sanitation Drowning Drugs, Illicit – Primary Prevention Strategies Dynamics of the Health-Care Labor Markets E East Asia and Pacific States, Health Systems of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Economic Models of Hospital Behavior Ectoparasites Educational Attainment and Health: Survival Effective Alcohol Policy Elder Abuse Emergence of Novel Human Infections: New Insights and New Challenges Emergency Medical Technicians Endocrine Diseases: Overview Energy Use, Health Implications of Enteroviruses Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Environmental Health: Overview Environmental Justice and Health Environmental Protection Laws Epidemic Investigation Epidemiology, Historical Epidemiology of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Epidemiology of Vitamin C Equity in Health Financing Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues Escherichia coli Esophageal Cancer Essential Drugs Policy Volume 3 INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH Copyright EDITORIAL BOARD CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 3 GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Structure of the Encyclopedia 1. Alphabetical Contents List 2. Cross-references 3. Subject Classification List 4. Index 5. Contributors CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3 Ethics and Health Promotion Introduction Foundational Issues for Health Promotion Ethics Ethical Dimensions of Health Promotion Strategies Harms, Burdens, and Wrongs in Health Promotion Conclusion References Further Reading Ethics of Immunization Immunization Programs and Tensions between Collective and Individual Perspectives New Vaccines, New Ethical Questions Serious Public Health Problems Safety Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Considerations of Justice Should Vaccination Be Compulsory? Conclusion Further Reading Ethics of Infectious Disease Control Introduction Respecting Rights versus Promoting Public Health Consent Mandatory Vaccination Mandatory Treatment Quarantine Infectious Disease and Social Justice Public Health Emergencies References Further Reading Relevant Websites Ethics of Organ Transplants Introduction Cadaveric Organ Procurement Living Related and Nonrelated Organ Donation Alternative Proposals for Procurement Allocation Alternatives to Organ Procurement and Transplantation References Further Reading Ethics of Public Health Research: Moral Obligations to Communities Introduction Key Ethical Issues Conclusion References Further Reading Ethics of Screening Introduction Definition Three General Challenges: Costs, False Results, and the Individual – Population Tension Target Groups Wilson and Jungner: Traditional Criteria Requiring Ethical Backup Voluntariness and Informed Consent Public Dimensions of the Ethics of Screening Conclusion Acknowledgments References Ethnic Conflict and Public Health Introduction Defining Terms and Concepts Some Examples Political Science and Sociological Theories of Ethnic Conflict: 1960s to 1980s Analyzing Ethnic Conflict from an Anthropological Perspective Gendered Aspects of Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Conflict as an International Problem: 1980s to the Present Resolving Ethnic Conflicts and the International Community References Further Reading Euthanasia and Public Health Introduction Conceptual Framework for End-of-Life Practices Assessment and Monitoring of End-of-Life Practices Evaluating the Practice of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Mapping and Evaluating Regulation of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Conclusion References Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy Why the Interest in Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy? Transitioning from the Idea of Evidence-Based to Evidence-Informed Public Health Policy What Evidence Is Required for Public Health Policy? How Does Evidence Get Taken up in the Policy Process? Why Does Evidence Not Always Get Taken up (or Why Are Public Health Policies Not Always Evidence-Informed)? Building Bridges Across Sectors for Effective Evidence-Informed Policy Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further Reading Relevant Websites Exercise Therapy for Heart Failure Patients in Canada Keypoints Introduction Incidence of HF in Canada Treatment Recommendations for HF in Canada Treatment Recommendations for Use of Exercise Therapy in HF Patients Summary References Relevant Websites Extreme Weather Events and Human Health Introduction Temperature Extremes and Impacts on Human Health Extreme Precipitation Events and Impacts on Human Health Extreme Events and Emergency Preparedness References Further Reading Relevant Websites F Facility-Based Treatment of Severe Malnutrition Falls Family Planning/Contraception Famine Fatty Acids Female Reproductive Physiology/Function Fetal Growth Restriction: Causes and Outcomes Food Fortification Food Safety Foodborne Diseases Forced Migration and Health Foundations in Public Health Ethics Foundations in Public Health Law Functions and Deficiencies of B-Vitamins (and Their Prevention) Future Organization of Cancer Care G Gastric Cancer Gastrointestinal Disorders: Overview Gender Aspects of Sexual and Reproductive Health Gender in Health and Illness Genetic Epidemiology Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Public Health Global Burden of Disease Global Health Law: International Law and Public Health Policy Global Issues: Urban Health in Developing Countries Global Tobacco Industry Global Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Governance Issues in Health Financing Gynecological Morbidity H Happiness, Health and Altruism Hazardous Wastes Head Trauma Health and Disease, Concepts of Health and Human Rights: Overview Health Behavior and Risk Factors Health Care of Indigenous Peoples/Nations Health Inequalities Health Information on the Internet Health Insurance Plans and Programs: An Overview Health Literacy Health Policy: Overview Health Promotion Health Surveys Health Systems of Australia and New Zealand Health Systems of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Health Systems: United States, Health System of the Health Technology Assessment: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues Health-Care Delivery Systems Health-Related Stigma Hearing Disorders Heart Failure Helicobacter pylori Helminthic Diseases: Dracunculiasis Helminthic Diseases: Echinococcosis Helminthic Diseases: Filariasis Helminthic Diseases: Foodborne Trematode Infections Helminthic Diseases: Intestinal Nematode Infections Helminthic Diseases: Onchocerciasis and Loiasis Helminthic Diseases: Schistosomiasis Helminthic Diseases: Taeniasis and Cysticercosis due to Taenia solium Helminthic Diseases: Trichinellosis and Other Helminthic Tissue Helminthic Infections Hepatitis, Viral Herpesviruses Volume 4 INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH Copyright EDITORIAL BOARD CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4 GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Structure of the Encyclopedia 1. Alphabetical Contents List 2. Cross-references 3. Subject Classification List 4. Index 5. Contributors CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4 Historical and Sociocultural Context of Psychoactive Substance Use Historical Roots Social Group and the Influence of Peers Ethnicity Occupation Family and Home Community as Risk Environment Conclusions References History of Malaria and Its Control Humans and Malaria Malaria as Known to the Ancients Middle Ages and the Renaissance The Beginnings of a Scientific Understanding of Malaria The Turn of the Twentieth Century to World War I Advances after World War I to World War II World War II and Progress in the Fight against Malaria The Era of Hope after World War II The Great Malaria Eradication Campaign Disillusionment and Abandonment New Beginnings and Hope for Peaceful Coexistence The Era of Molecular Biology and Vaccine Development The Future of Malaria and Its Control References Further Reading Relevant Websites History of Public Health during Colonialism Introduction Infectious Disease and Its Control Tropical Medicine Health and Missions Maternal and Infant Welfare Health Education and Promotion Conclusion References Further Reading History of Public Health in the Ancient World Early Public Health and Early Hygiene Motives Behind Ancient Public Health Health and the Public in Ancient Greece Roman Public Health References HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Introduction Epidemiology Influence of HIV on TB Influence of TB on HIV Treatment of TB in HIV-Infected Individuals Global Control of TB and HIV Special Populations: Congregate Settings Conflict and HIV/TB Spread Urban Slums as TB Reservoirs Conclusion References Relevant Websites HIV/AIDS of the Central Nervous System Introduction Stages of Neurological Complications of HIV Focal Brain Lesions Cerebral Toxoplasmosis CNS Tuberculosis Primary CNS Lymphoma Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Diffuse Brain Disease HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis CNS Cryptococcal Infection Neurosyphilis Spinal Cord Disorders HIV-Associated Myelopathy Focal Myelopathies Conclusions References Relevant Websites HIV Prevention and Treatment in Children and Adolescents Introduction Care and Treatment for HIV-Positive Pregnant Women HIV-Exposed Infants Pediatric HIV Infection HIV Prevention in Adolescents Conclusion References Further Reading Relevant Websites HIV Safety Guidelines Introduction Universal Precautions Compliance with Universal Precautions Conclusions References Further Reading Relevant Websites Home Care Models and Definitions of Home Care Hospitals and Home Care Health-Care Costs Quality and Safe Patient Care Benefits of Home Care Carer Burden Health Professionals in the Home Evidence for Acute Home Practice Future of Home Care Conclusion References Hospice and Palliative Care Hospice and Palliative Care and Public Health Challenges Definitions and Approaches International Challenges The Knowledge Base Recent Developments References Further Reading Relevant Websites Human Exposure Science Definition Background and History of the Field The Fundamentals of Human Exposure Science Measurements of Human Exposure Summary References Further Reading Relevant Websites Human Health Risk Assessment Introduction Risk Assessment in the United States Risk Assessment Methods Basic Risk Calculations Identifying Hazards Exposure Assessment Dose–Response Assessment Toxicology for Risk Assessment Epidemiology for Risk Assessment Uncertainty and Variability in Risk Assessment Innovations Cumulative Risk Assessment Conclusion References Further Reading Relevant Websites Human Resources for Oral Health and Dentistry Human Resources for Oral Health and Dentistry Development of Dentistry Dentistry: A Profession Global HROH Specialization Development of the Wider Dental Team Education and Training of HROH Contemporary Dental Care Public Health Challenges for Dentistry Conclusion References Further Reading Relevant Websites Humanitarian Response to Complex Emergencies and Natural Disasters Introduction Complex Emergencies (CEs) Natural Disasters Response to CEs References Further Reading Relevant Websites Huntington's Disease History of Huntington's Disease Cause of Huntington's Disease Diagnosis Inheritance Pattern Screening Epidemiology Clinical Features Assessment Future Perspectives Conclusion References Further Reading Relevant Websites Hypertension Introduction Hypertension and End Organ Damage Pathogenesis of Hypertension Strategies for Prevention and Treatment Hypertension in Specific Groups Conclusion References Relevant Website I Illicit Drugs: Patterns of Use, Dependence, and Contribution to Disease Burden in Developed Countries Illicit Drug Trends Globally Illicit Psychoactive Substance Use and Harm Prevention Immunization Indoor Air Pollution: Developing Countries Infant Malnutrition: Breastfeeding Infant Mortality Infectious Disease Surveillance Infertility, An Overview Influenza Influenza, Historical Injury Epidemiology Innovative Financing for Health Promotion: A Global Review and Thailand Case Study Integrative, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Interest Groups and Civil Society in Public Health Policy International Classification Systems for Health International Dietary Guidelines International Perspectives on Resource Allocation Intestinal Infections: Overview Iodine Deficiency and Its Prevention Iron Deficiency and Its Prevention J Japan, Health System of K Kidney Diseases L Land Use/Land Change and Health Late Life Cognitive Disorders Latin American Social Medicine Lead Hazards and Poisoning Legal Issues in Public Health Leprosy Leprosy, Historical Leukemia Life Expectancy Measurements Literacy and Public Health Liver Cancer Long Term Care for Aging Populations Long Term Care in Health Services Longevity of Specific Populations Long-Term Care Organization and Financing Lung Cancer Lung Diseases, Occupational Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Manifestations Lyme Disease Lymphomas M Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Health Systems of Male Reproductive Function Managed Care Maternal Health Services Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Measles Measurement and Modeling of Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement and Modeling: Infectious Disease Modeling Measurement and Valuation of Health for Economic Evaluation Measurement of Psychiatric and Psychological Disorders and Outcomes in Populations Meat Consumption and Cancer Meat Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Volume 5 INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC HEALTH Copyright EDITORIAL BOARD CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 5 GUIDE TO USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Structure of the Encyclopedia 1. Alphabetical Contents List 2. Cross-references 3. Subject Classification List 4. Index 5. Contributors CONTENTS OF VOLUME 5 Media and Health Introduction Three Models of Communication The Media–Medicine Interface Cozy Relationships: An Internalist View Cozy Relationships: An Externalist View Active Audiences Health Policy and the Media Concluding Comments References Further Reading Medical Pluralism Definitions Critique of the Notion of a Medical System Rational Behaviors of Seeking for Health or Treatment Choices Based on Taste? The Marxist Critique of Pluralism Deconstructing the Monolithic Medicine Medical Landscapes? References Further Reading Medical Sciences and Technology in Socio-Cultural Context Introduction Positioning the Social Analysis of Science and Technology Methods and Goals in the Social Analysis of Science and Technology The Biomedical Model and Technology Medicine and Technology in Sociocultural Perspective Producing Social Relations Perspectives and Prospects References Further Reading Meningitis, Bacterial Introduction Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Lumbar Puncture Antimicrobial Therapy Adjunctive Corticosteroid Therapy Complications Outcome References Relevant Websites Menopause Introduction Types of Menopause Effects of Menopause Symptoms Physical Effects Hormone Replacement Therapy Alternative Treatments Conclusion References Further Reading Relevant Websites Mental Health and Physical Health (Including HIV/AIDS) Introduction Historical Development of an Integrated Model Health Conditions Chronic Pain HIV/AIDS and Mental Health Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Diabetes Somatic Symptoms Associated with Mental Illness Health and Behavior Change Conclusion and Implications References Further Reading Mental Health and Substance Abuse Introduction Mental Health Service Organization Variables Influencing Service Organization and Provision Changing the Paradigm – Important Roles of Training, Policy, and Legislation References Further Reading Relevant Websites Mental Health Epidemiology (Psychiatric Epidemiology) Overview Methods Studies and Results Future Needs References Further Reading Relevant Websites Mental Health Etiology: Biological and Genetic Determinants Introduction Behavioral Genetic Methods and Principles General Familial and Genetic Factors Implicated in Mental Disorders Molecular Genetic Methods and Principles Specific Chromosomal Loci and Genes Implicated in Psychiatric Disorders Recommendations for Future Research References Further Reading Mental Health Etiology: Social Determinants Historical Background Stress Models of Psychopathology Social Risk Factors for Mental Disorders Conclusion References Further Reading Mental Health, Morbidity and Impact Burden of Mental Disorders Prevalence Comorbidity Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disability and Functional Limitation Determinants and Course of Disability in Mental Disorder Quality of Life Economic Cost Impact on Caregivers Mortality Suicide and Accidental Deaths References Further Reading Relevant Websites Mental Health Policy Why Do We Need Mental Health Policy? What Is a Mental Health Policy? How Can Policy Impact on the Mental Health of Populations? The Need for Locally Tailored Solutions Common Policy Aims Common Policy Components Policy Partnerships Outside the Health Sector Key Cross-Cutting Issues Legislation Policy Partnerships within the Health Sector Key Service Provision Issues Public Health Measures Reduction in Mortality from Physical Illness in Mentally Ill People Implementation of Policy The Facilitating Role of International Agencies in Stimulating Policy Development Conclusions References Further Reading Relevant Websites Mental Health Promotion Introduction Mental Health Promotion across Cultures Determinants of Mental Health Mental Health Promotion and the Prevention and Treatment of Illnesses Evidence for Mental Health Promotion A Public Health Framework for Mental Health Promotion Conclusions References Further Reading Relevant Websites Mental Illness, Historical Views of Reading the Past from the Present: Three Main Starting Points Madness and Misery before Psychiatry Mental Illness and Psychiatry The Controversial Legacy of Mental Illness References Mercury Chemistry Sources of Exposure Environmental Exposures Metabolic Fate in the Body Adverse Health Effects Prevention References Further Reading Relevant Websites Meta-analysis General Aspects Background for a Meta-Analysis Protocol Statistical Methods: Heterogeneity Statistical Methods: Combining Binary and Dichotomous Data Bias Meta-Regression Cumulative Meta-Analysis and Recursive Cumulative Meta-Analysis Network (Multiple Treatment Comparison) Meta-Analysis Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Quality and Reporting of Meta-Analyses References Further Reading Relevant Websites Metabolic Myopathies Background General Features of the Disorders and Inheritance Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Testing Treatment References Further Reading Relevant Websites Migraine Update The Clinical Picture Epidemiology and Genetics The Burden of Migraine Diagnosis Preventive Therapy Specific Situations The Next Frontier in Migraine Therapeutics Further Reading Relevant Websites Military Health Issues Introduction Environmental and Occupational Health Hazard Issues Surrounding Military Service during Peacetime or Garrison Duty Occupational and Environmental Health Hazard Issues Pertaining to Mobilization and Dep