International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Twelve-Volume Set: Volume 11 (International Studies in Educational Achievement)

COVER......Page 1 COPYRIGHT......Page 5 SENIOR EDITORS......Page 6 SECTION EDITORS......Page 8 GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12 CONTENTS......Page 38 VOLUME 11......Page 59 SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION......Page 64 FOREWORD by Mary Robinson......Page 76 FOREWORD by Rob Kitchin......Page 78 The Neoliberal Turn and the Underlying Principles of SAPs......Page 82 What Is Structural Adjustment?......Page 84 Impacts and Effects......Page 85 The Politics of Sovereignty and Accountability......Page 88 Further Reading......Page 89 Relevant Websites......Page 90 Introduction......Page 91 A Generic Structural Model and Its Interpretation......Page 93 Estimation......Page 94 Identifiability......Page 95 The Assumption of Multivariate Normality......Page 96 Relevant Websites......Page 98 Introduction......Page 99 Structural Marxism and Marxist Human Geography......Page 100 Structural Marxism and Its Critics......Page 104 Marxian Counter-Critiques......Page 106 Further Reading......Page 109 Relevant Websites......Page 110 Introduction......Page 111 Structuralist Thinkers......Page 112 Structuralist Geography?......Page 116 Conclusion: Ex-Structuralists and Post-Structuralists......Page 118 Further Reading......Page 119 Glossary......Page 120 Giddens’ Theory of Structuration......Page 121 Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice......Page 126 Relevant Websites......Page 130 Glossary......Page 131 Structuration Theory and the Spatial Contexts of Social Agency......Page 132 The Integration of the Theory of Structuration into New Regional Geography......Page 133 Late-Modern Ontology and Structurationist Geography......Page 135 From ‘Space’ to ‘Action’......Page 137 Regionalization as World Binding......Page 138 Relevant Websites......Page 139 Origins and Definitions......Page 140 The Subaltern in Postcolonial Theory......Page 141 Subaltern Historiographies of Geography......Page 142 Space, Place, and the Subaltern......Page 143 Conclusion......Page 144 Relevant Websites......Page 145 Gramsci and Subalternity......Page 146 From Subaltern Studies to Postcolonial Criticism......Page 148 Subalternity and Its Futures......Page 150 Further Reading......Page 151 The Origin of the Knowing Subject......Page 153 Subjective Knowledge......Page 154 Post-Subjectivity......Page 155 Further Reading......Page 157 The Roots and Spread of Suburbia......Page 158 The Relationship with the City......Page 160 Suburban Futures/Issues......Page 161 Further Reading......Page 162 Superpower Rivalries......Page 163 Hyperpower: The Endgame of Superpower or Empire by Another Name?......Page 165 Further Reading......Page 167 Introduction......Page 168 Threads of Revolt......Page 169 Surrealist Urban Dreams......Page 170 Architecture, Space, and Fantasy......Page 172 Engaging Surrealist Geographies......Page 173 Further Reading......Page 175 Surveillance and the Social Sciences......Page 176 Panoptic Visions......Page 177 Omnioptic Visions......Page 178 Automatic Surveillance......Page 179 Relevant Websites......Page 180 Methods......Page 181 Techniques......Page 182 Relevant Websites......Page 183 Finding Sustainability......Page 184 Governing Sustainability......Page 185 Uneven Development......Page 186 Practices and Planning: Sustainable Production and Consumption in Communities......Page 187 Conclusions: From Recognition and Appropriation toward Experimentation......Page 188 Further Reading......Page 189 Metropolitan Utopia and the Origins of Urban Sustainability......Page 190 Provisional Dialogues: Spatial Forms and Sustainability......Page 191 Sustainable Challenges for Urban Geography: Space, Time, and Relational Thinking......Page 192 Case Study I – England’s Urban Renaissance and the Millennium Village Project......Page 193 Case Study II – Urban Sustainability in the Developing World, Ibadan Nigeria......Page 195 Relevant Websites......Page 197 Introduction......Page 198 Framing Sustainable Development......Page 199 Mainstream Sustainable Development......Page 201 The Poverty Consensus: Current Engagement of Development Policy with Local and Global Environments......Page 207 Further Reading......Page 211 Relevant Websites......Page 212 Introduction......Page 213 Symbolic Geographies......Page 214 Interactive Geographies......Page 215 Symbolic Interactionism and Contemporary Human Geography......Page 216 Further Reading......Page 218 Theoretic Overview of Symbolism and Iconography......Page 219 Mechanics of Symbolization......Page 221 Practics of Symbolization......Page 222 Maps and Map Language......Page 224 Further Reading......Page 226 The Origins of Systems Theory......Page 227 Isolated, Closed, and Open Systems......Page 228 Regulation and Variety......Page 229 Self-Image and Reflexivit......Page 230 Further Reading......Page 231 Emergence of Systems Thinking in Contemporary Science......Page 232 From Systems Thinking to Systems Science......Page 233 Cybernetics......Page 235 Complexity Science......Page 236 Contribution of Systems Theory and Complexity Science to Geography......Page 237 Further Reading......Page 238 Relevant Websites......Page 239 Taylor, Griffit (1880–1963)......Page 240 Further Reading......Page 242 Taylor, Peter (1944–)......Page 243 Further Reading......Page 244 Relevant Websites......Page 245 Glossary......Page 246 Intellectual Property......Page 247 The Social and Geographical Construction of Technology......Page 248 Spaces of Science and Technological Change......Page 249 Futures of Technology: A Concluding Comment......Page 250 Relevant Websites......Page 251 Introduction......Page 252 Geographic Sources of Technological Innovation......Page 253 Geographic Mechanisms of Technological Innovation......Page 254 Actors of Innovation and the Scale(s) of Explanation......Page 256 Further Reading......Page 257 Basic Concepts and Definitions......Page 258 Technology Industries and Location......Page 260 Technology Transfer as a Spatial Process......Page 261 Further Reading......Page 263 Popular Misconceptions about Telecommunications......Page 264 Telecommunications and Global Cities......Page 265 Telecommunications and Urban Space......Page 266 The Internet......Page 267 The Oligopolization of Telecommunications......Page 268 Conclusions......Page 269 Relevant Websites......Page 270 A Basic Explanation of the Concept......Page 271 The Characteristics of a TPC in Relation to Other Concepts and Approaches......Page 272 How Is the Concept Embedded in the Socialist Economic and Planning Ideas?......Page 274 Further Reading......Page 275 Preliminaries Issues......Page 277 Analytics......Page 279 Further Reading......Page 289 What and Who of Terror, Terrorist, and Terrorism......Page 290 Spatiality of Terror: Globalization, Scale, and State Violence......Page 291 Unpacking the Discourses of Terrorism......Page 292 Conclusion......Page 294 Relevant Websites......Page 295 Text as Authoritative Edition......Page 296 Textuality......Page 298 Further Reading......Page 300 Glossary......Page 301 Further Reading......Page 303 Three Definition of Theocracy......Page 304 Modern Christian Theocracies......Page 305 Modern Islamic Theocracies......Page 308 Relevant Websites......Page 309 Origins of the Concept......Page 310 Further Reading......Page 311 Discoveries and Rediscoveries of Thiessen Polygons......Page 312 Methods of Constructing Thiessen Polygons......Page 313 Variations of Thiessen Polygons: Generalized Voronoi Diagrams......Page 315 Summary and Conclusion......Page 316 Future Reading......Page 317 Introduction......Page 318 The Meaning of Development......Page 320 New Geopolitics and State Failure......Page 323 One World......Page 324 Relevant Websites......Page 327 Introduction......Page 328 Deconstructing Third World City Research......Page 329 Conclusions – Cities within Cities......Page 335 Relevant Websites......Page 336 Thrift, Nigel (1949–)......Page 337 Further Reading......Page 339 Historical Geographies of Time......Page 340 Time in Historical Geography......Page 342 Time and Historical Geography......Page 344 Further Reading......Page 345 Introduction......Page 347 Basic Ideas of Classical Time Geography......Page 348 Application of Time-Geographic Analysis......Page 350 Geographic Information System, Three-Dimensional Geovisualization and Time-Geographic Analysis......Page 352 Criticisms on Time Geography......Page 357 Future Issues......Page 358 Further Reading......Page 359 On the History of Time-Geography......Page 360 The Notation System and the Conceptual Apparatus......Page 362 Time-Geography Then and Now......Page 364 Further Reading......Page 365 Spectral Analysis......Page 366 Spatial Forecasting......Page 369 Space–Time Forecasting Models......Page 370 Predicting Epidemic Return Times......Page 371 Relevant Websites......Page 374 Introduction......Page 375 Design Dimensions......Page 376 Some Salient Issues......Page 380 Relevant Websites......Page 381 Overview of History of Tourism......Page 382 The Globalization of Tourism and the Increasing Diversity of the Tourist Product......Page 383 Early Theoretical Explanations of Tourism......Page 385 Later Theoretical Explanations of Tourism......Page 386 The Recent Broadening of Theories about Tourism......Page 388 Further Reading......Page 393 Defining Rural Tourism......Page 394 Theoretical Considerations......Page 395 Tourism Impacts and Implications for Sustainable Rural Systems......Page 396 Policy Concerns......Page 397 Relevant Websites......Page 398 Historical and Contemporary Patterns......Page 399 Tourism and Urban Development......Page 400 Issues......Page 402 Relevant Websites......Page 404 Trade Blocs: Pros and Cons......Page 405 Trade Blocs and Developing Countries......Page 407 Conclusion......Page 408 Relevant Websites......Page 409 Introduction: The Theory of Comparative Advantage......Page 410 Challenges to Understanding Contemporary International Trade......Page 411 Changing Sectoral Composition and International Trade......Page 412 Shifting Geographies of Production......Page 413 Regional Trade Agreements......Page 415 Further Reading......Page 417 Relevant Websites......Page 418 The Rise and Decline of Islam......Page 419 The European Trading Polity......Page 420 The First Global Web and Its Problems......Page 421 New Technologies and Hegemonic Shifts......Page 423 The Rise of Air Power......Page 424 Relevant Websites......Page 425 Transatlantic......Page 426 Relevant Websites......Page 430 Practical Issues: Transcription in Research Projects......Page 431 Coding and the Rigorous Analysis of Transcripts......Page 433 Relevant Websites......Page 435 Introduction......Page 436 The Washington Consensus......Page 437 The Social Costs of Transition......Page 438 Institutions and Geographies Matter......Page 439 Relevant Websites......Page 441 Introduction......Page 442 Toward a Critical Theorization of Translation......Page 443 Exploring Translation Practices in Human Geography Research......Page 445 The Politics of Translation......Page 447 Relevant Websites......Page 448 The Changing Geography of the TNC......Page 449 TNCs and the Global South......Page 450 Performing Production Systems and Market b/Orders......Page 453 Further Reading......Page 455 Relevant Websites......Page 456 Introduction......Page 457 The Evolving Nature of the Transnational Elite Concept in Economic Geography......Page 458 Broadening Out and Focusing In......Page 460 Concluding Comments......Page 462 Relevant Websites......Page 463 Glossary......Page 464 The Overseas Chinese Business Networks (OCBN): An Illustration......Page 465 Cautionary Remarks......Page 466 Relevant Websites......Page 468 Transnationalism by Discipline......Page 469 Dimensions of Transnationalism......Page 470 Criticisms of Transnationalism......Page 472 Further Reading......Page 473 Relevant Websites......Page 474 Labor Geography......Page 475 Transnationalism and Labor Markets......Page 476 Transnationalism and Workplace Processes......Page 477 Transnational Organizing......Page 478 Conclusion......Page 479 Relevant Websites......Page 480 Glossary......Page 481 The Rise of Transnational Technical Community and Technology Transfer......Page 482 The Limit of Transnationalism in Technology Innovation......Page 483 Further Reading......Page 484 Introduction......Page 485 The Logics of Transnationality......Page 486 The Uneven Scape of Transnationality......Page 488 Relevant Websites......Page 489 Transport Networks and Accessibility......Page 491 How to Measure Accessibility?......Page 492 Some Accessibility Indicators......Page 493 Relevant Websites......Page 498 Basic Concepts......Page 499 Examples from Experience in Britain......Page 500 Airline Deregulation in Europe......Page 501 Spatial Variation in Impacts......Page 503 Relevant Websites......Page 504 A Historical Perspective on Globalization and Transport......Page 505 The Changing Geographic Impact of Transport......Page 507 Global Transport and Change within Cities......Page 508 Relevant Websites......Page 509 Defining Social Exclusion......Page 510 Social Exclusion and Patterns of Transport Disadvantage......Page 511 Policy Responses......Page 512 Conclusion......Page 514 Relevant Websites......Page 515 The Challenges......Page 516 Policy Issues......Page 519 Conclusions......Page 520 Relevant Websites......Page 521 The Development of Transport Geography......Page 522 Telecommunications and the ‘Death of Distance’......Page 523 Transport and Economic Development......Page 524 Centrality, Proximity, and Intermediacy......Page 526 Transport Deregulation, Privatization, and Network Adaptation......Page 527 Urban Expansion, Transport Technology, and Planning......Page 528 Unsustainable Energy Supplies and the Consequences of Peak Oil......Page 529 Mobility and Accessibility......Page 530 Conclusion......Page 531 Further Reading......Page 532 Introduction......Page 533 Operations......Page 534 Economics......Page 536 Integrating Issues......Page 539 Relevant Websites......Page 540 Transport and Rural Development......Page 541 New Conceptualizations......Page 543 Developing Countries......Page 544 Relevant Websites......Page 545 Urban Passenger Transport......Page 546 Urban Freight Transport......Page 548 Relevant Websites......Page 550 Transportation and Land-Use Interaction......Page 551 Theories and Models......Page 552 Lessons Learned and Future Prospects......Page 555 Relevant Websites......Page 556 Why Geographers Are Interested in Travel-Writing......Page 557 Travel and Travel-Writing Define......Page 558 Politics of Travel......Page 560 Conclusion......Page 563 Further Reading......Page 564 Trend Surfaces and Their Residuals......Page 565 Some Statistical Issues......Page 567 Relevant Websites......Page 569 Convergence......Page 570 Divergence......Page 571 Further Reading......Page 572 Relevant Websites......Page 573 Introduction......Page 574 Orientalism, Geography, and the Tropics......Page 575 Tropicality, Regional Geography, and ‘Development’......Page 576 The Degeneration of Tropical Geography......Page 577 Conclusions......Page 578 Further Reading......Page 579 Tuan, Y.-F. (1930–)......Page 580 Further Reading......Page 581 The International Encyclopedia of Human Geography provides an authoritative and comprehensive source of information on the discipline of human geography and its constituent, and related, subject areas. The encyclopedia includes over 1,000 detailed entries on philosophy and theory, key concepts, methods and practices, biographies of notable geographers, and geographical thought and praxis in different parts of the world. This groundbreaking project covers every field of human geography and the discipline's relationships to other disciplines, and is global in scope, involving an international set of contributors. Given its broad, inclusive scope and unique online accessibility, it is anticipated that the International Encyclopedia of Human Geography will become the major reference work for the discipline over the coming decades. --- Product Description