International Affairs and Canadian Migration Policy (Canada and International Affairs)

Yiagadeesen Samy is Director and Full Professor at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Howard Duncan is Adjunct Research Professor, Department of Political Science, Carleton University; is Former Chair, Metropolis International Steering Committee; and is Former Editor, International Migration. This volume examines Canada's migration policy as part of its foreign policy. It is well known that Canada is a nation of immigrants. However, immigration policy has largely been regarded as domestic, rather than, foreign policy, with most scholarly and policy work focused on what happens after immigrants have arrived in this country. As a result, the effects of immigration to Canada on foreign affairs have been largely neglected despite the international character of immigration. The contributors to this volume underline the extent to which Canada's relationships with individual countries and with the international community is closely affected by its immigration policies and practices and draw attention to some of these areas in the hope that it will encourage more scholarly and policy activity directed to the impact of immigration on foreign affairs. Written by both academics and policy-makers, the book analyzes some of the latest thinking and initiatives related to linkages between migration and foreign policy Acknowledgments 6 Contents 8 Notes on Contributors 10 List of Figures 16 List of Tables 18 1 Introduction 20 Migration and Canadian Foreign Policy 20 The Chapters 23 References 31 2 The Political Foundations of Canadian Exceptionalism in Immigration Policy 32 Introduction 32 Elements of Exceptionalism: Immigration Policy and Public Opinion 34 Explaining Exceptionalism I: Geographic Isolation, Selective Immigration, and Multiculturalism 40 Explaining Exceptionalism II: Settlement Patterns, Citizenship Regime, and Electoral Rules 44 Settlement Patterns 44 An Efficient Citizenship Regime 48 Electoral System 49 Conclusion 52 References 54 3 Canada and the UN Global Compact on Refugees: A Case Study of Influence in the Global Refugee Regime 60 Introduction 60 The Global Refugee Regime 62 Canada in the Global Refugee Regime 65 2015 and the Road to the 2016 New York Summits 68 The Making of the Global Compact on Refugees 73 Explaining Canada’s Influence in the GCR Process 78 References 80 4 The Coming Clash Over Migration Policy Between Canada and the United States 83 Introduction 83 Labour Mobility Under the USMCA 85 Tech Sector Professionals 89 Entry-Exit 91 NEXUS vs. Global Entry 91 Bilateral Data Exchange 93 Marijuana Legalization 94 Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and the Safe Third Country Agreement 95 Conclusion 99 References 100 5 Immigrants to Canada: Welcomed Citizens or Security Threats? 104 Introduction 104 Literature on Immigration and Security in Canada 106 Landscape of Immigration in Canada 110 Immigration Legislation in Canada Before and After 9/11 112 Immigration Trends Before and After 9/11 116 Canadian Attitudes Towards Immigrants Before and After 9/11 118 Conclusion 121 Annex A 122 Annex B 122 References 124 6 Canada’s Position in the Global Competition for Talent 128 Introduction 128 The Impact of Global Demographics on the Demand for Talent 128 The Skills Imperative and Canadian Immigration Policy 132 Canada’s Attraction and Retention of Highly Skilled Permanent Residents and Temporary Foreign Workers 133 Achieving Scale in Canada’s Attraction, Integration and Retention of Global Talent 140 References 143 7 Weighing the Effects of Immigration on Canadian Prosperity: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 147 Introduction 147 From Seminal Debates to the Canadian Immigration Landscape 151 Spurring Economic Growth and Prosperity? 153 Solving Canadian Demographic Problems and Employment Shortages? 157 The Ugly Side of Immigration Debates and the Polarised Politicisation of Human Migration 159 Conclusion 160 References 164 8 Sustainable Development and Diaspora Engagement in Canada 168 Introduction 168 Regarding Canada’s Diaspora Option 171 Diaspora Philanthropy: South Africa Case Study 174 Conclusion 188 References 192 9 The Road Taken: Temporary Labour Migration in Canada’s Immigration System 198 Introduction 198 The Changing Policy Landscape of Canada’s Immigration System in Global Context 198 Temporary Migration—A Growing Component of Canada’s Immigration System 203 The Road Not Taken 209 Conclusion: A Fork in the Road? 215 References 217 10 Cities of Migration: The Role of Municipal Planning in Immigrant Settlement and Integration 220 Introduction 220 Increasing Ethnocultural Diversity and the Geographical Distribution of Immigrants 223 From the Inner City to the Suburbs: The Effects of Migration on Cities 225 The Challenges for Municipal Planning: Are Municipalities Ready? 232 Conclusion 235 References 236 11 Managing Immigration in the Canadian Federation: The Case of Quebec 242 Introduction 242 Constitutional Foundations and Historical Evolution 243 Quebec’s Intercultural Approach 247 Is Quebec Favored in Practice? 249 Latest Developments in Quebec 251 How Unique Is Canada’s Asymmetrical Model? 256 Conclusion 258 References 259 12 Conclusion: Will Canada’s Immigration Policy Take an International Turn? 261