Internal Aerodynamics in Solid Rocket Propulsion : Rhode-Saint-Genèse Belgium, 27-31 may 2003 = L'Aérodynamique interne de la propulsion par moteur fusées à propergols solides

These RTO-AVT / VKI Special Course notes provide the state of the art in internal aerodynamics in solid rocket propulsion, in a way accessible to attendees coming from both academic and industrial areas. Two families of solid motors can be identified: tactical rockets and large boosters for launch vehicles. The military rockets are subjected to combustion instabilities while vortex shedding drives the instabilities in the large boosters. After an overview of the motor internal flow dynamics, combustion of solid propellants and metal particulates were presented. Numerical modeling of internal flow aerodynamics, two-phase flow and flow/structural interactions were addressed, before focusing on the motor flow and combustion instabilities.The main objective of these course notes is therefore to allow an information transfer between well-known scientists, leaders in the solid propulsion field, and demanding industries and laboratories. For these reasons, this proceeding appeals not only to experts already working in the domain, but also to newcomers to the field. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Сборник содержит работы, посвящённые современному уровню внутренней аэродинамики твердотопливных ракетных двигателей, написанные языком, понятным специалистам из научной и промышленной областей. Главная задача сборника - обеспечить обмен информацией между известными учёными, ведущими специалистами в области твердотопливных двигателей и работниками соответствующих областей промышленности и лабораторий. ## Образцы страниц Cover......Page 1 Executive Summary......Page 5 Synthèse......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 7 List of Authors/Lecturers......Page 8 1.1 History......Page 9 1.2 The Basic Solid Rocket Motor......Page 10 1.3 Definitions......Page 11 1.4 A First Approach of Motor Operation......Page 13 1.5 Evolution of Parameters According to Time......Page 14 2.1 Burning Rate......Page 15 3.1 Steady-State Operation......Page 17 3.2 Unsteady Regimes......Page 18 4.0 APPROACH OF INTERNAL AERODYNAMICS IN SOLID ROCKET PROPULSION BY COMPUTATION......Page 19 6.0 PROSPECTS......Page 21 Instabilities......Page 22 ASSM/POP Program......Page 23 INTRODUCTION......Page 25 A SIMPLE PHYSICAL MODEL OF GRAIN INSTABILITY......Page 26 APPLICATION OF SIMPLE MODEL TO TITAN SRMU......Page 29 COMPLETE MOTOR MODEL......Page 32 Grid Geometry......Page 33 Titan SRMU Solutions......Page 34 Ariane 5 MPS Solutions......Page 38 REFERENCES......Page 40 ABSTRACT......Page 43 INTRODUCTION......Page 44 1.0 Introduction......Page 46 2.0 Flame Structure......Page 48 3.0 Condensed Phase Processes......Page 51 4.0 Flame Zone......Page 55 5.0 Active Binders......Page 59 6.0 Mechanisms of Action of Additives......Page 61 PYROLYSIS OF INERT BINDERS......Page 63 COMBUSTION OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE......Page 65 2.0 Energetics of the AP Combustion......Page 66 3.0 Surface Pyrolysis of AP......Page 68 4.0 Flame Structure of the AP Combustion......Page 69 1.0 Condensed Phase Processes......Page 72 2.0 Gas Phase Behavior......Page 75 COMBUSTION OF RDX......Page 77 COMBUSTION OF CL20 (HNIW)......Page 79 1.0 Comparative Picture of Composite Propellants Combustion......Page 83 2.0 Propellant Burning Rate Resulting from Component Rates......Page 84 3.0 HMX (or RDX) (or HNIW) – Active Binder Propellants......Page 88 4.0 AP-Inert Binder Propellants......Page 92 CONCLUSIONS......Page 99 REFERENCES......Page 100 Double-Base Propellants and Active Binders References......Page 101 Ammonium Perchlorate References......Page 102 Composite Propellants References......Page 103 Introduction......Page 105 Aluminum Combustion Research in Russia......Page 106 Propellant Ignited Aluminum Particles......Page 108 Gas Burner Ignited Aluminum Particles......Page 110 Laser, Flash, and Shock Ignited Aluminum Particles......Page 111 The “D2” Law in Aluminum Combustion......Page 113 The Effect of Oxygen......Page 116 The Effect of Diffusivity......Page 117 The Effect of CO2 and Water......Page 119 Summary Correlation of the Data......Page 120 Liang and Beckstead’s Model......Page 122 Aluminum Combustion Mechanism......Page 124 Condensation Model......Page 126 General Mathematical Model......Page 128 Boundary Conditions......Page 130 Modeling Results and Discussion......Page 133 Summary and Conclusions......Page 143 Nomenclature......Page 144 References......Page 145 INTRODUCTION......Page 151 General Overview......Page 152 Acoustic Balance......Page 155 Particular Contributions to the Acoustic Balance......Page 160 Flow Turning Issue......Page 162 Two-Phase Flows......Page 163 Presentation......Page 165 Model Requirements......Page 167 Experimental Evidences......Page 169 Simplified Approaches......Page 172 Full Numerical Approaches......Page 175 Examples......Page 176 CONCLUSIONS/UNSETTLED ISSUES......Page 183 REFERENCES......Page 184 8 - Motor Flow Instabilities – Part 2: Intrinsic Linear Stability of the Flow Induced by Wall Injection......Page 189 Introduction......Page 193 1.1 Experimental Facilities......Page 195 1.2 Notations......Page 197 1.3 General Equations......Page 198 1.4 Basic Flow......Page 200 2.1 A Short Philosophical Escape......Page 205 2.2 Small Perturbation Technique......Page 206 2.3 Normal Mode Form......Page 207 2.4 Dispersion Relation......Page 208 2.5 Linearised Equations......Page 209 3.1 Eigenmodes......Page 213 3.2 Amplitude and n Factor......Page 214 3.3 Influence of the Reynolds Number......Page 220 3.4 Comparisons with the Experiment......Page 221 4.1 Non Parallel Effects......Page 229 4.2 Physical Assumptions......Page 235 Conclusion......Page 237 Acknowledgement......Page 238 Bibliography......Page 239 Description of the Method......Page 243 Code Written in Matlab......Page 244 INTRODUCTION......Page 253 GENERAL EQUATION FOR AERODYNAMICS......Page 255 SOLID PROPULSION MODELS......Page 256 Chemically Reacting Turbulent Boundary Layer Analysis......Page 257 TURBULENCE......Page 259 TWO-PHASE FLOW EFFECTS......Page 261 Investigation of the Slag Formation......Page 262 THERMOCHEMISTRY......Page 263 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION......Page 265 Fluid-Structure Coupling Algorithm......Page 266 REFERENCES......Page 267 INTRODUCTION......Page 269 11 - Combustion Instabilities in Solid Propellant Rocket Motors......Page 287 CONTENTS......Page 289 1. A BRIEF SURVEY OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES IN SOLID ROCKETS......Page 293 1.1 Introduction......Page 294 1.2 Historical Background......Page 297 1.3 Solid Propellant Rocket Motors......Page 298 1.4 Mechanisms of Combustion Instabilties......Page 300 1.5 Physical Characteristics of Combustion Instabilities......Page 301 1.6 Linear Behavior......Page 304 1.7 Nonlinear Behavior......Page 310 1.8 Analysis and Numerical Simulations of Combustion Instabilities......Page 316 2.1 Qualitative Interpretation of the Basic Mechanism......Page 319 2.2 Analysis of the QSHOD Model......Page 323 2.3 Measurements of the Response Function; Comparison of Experimental Results and the QSHOD Model......Page 331 2.4 The Zel'dovich-Novozhilov (Z-N) Model......Page 332 2.6 Modeling the Effects of Velocity Coupling on the Global Dynamics of Combustion Chambers......Page 334 2.7 Velocity Coupling, the Combustion Response, and Global Dynamics......Page 338 2.8 Generation of Vorticity and Vortex Shedding......Page 345 2.9 Distributed Combustion......Page 349 3.2 Equations of Motion for a Reacting Flow......Page 351 3.3 Two-Parameter Expansion of the Equations of Motion......Page 353 3.4 Nonlinear Wave Equations for the Pressure Field......Page 359 4.1 Application of a Green's Function for Steady Waves......Page 363 4.3 Approximate Solution for Unsteady Nonlinear Motions......Page 368 4.4 Application of Time-Averaging......Page 371 4.5 The Procedure for Iterative Solution......Page 374 5.1 The Linearized Equations of Motion: The Velocity Potential......Page 381 5.2 Energy and Intensity Associated with Acoustic Waves......Page 384 5.3 The Growth or Decay Constant......Page 385 5.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflections from a Surface......Page 386 5.5 Wave Propagation in Tubes; Normal Modes......Page 389 5.6 Normal Acoustic Modes and Frequencies for a Chamber......Page 392 6.1 Solution for the Problem of Linear Stability......Page 397 6.2 An Alternative Calculation of Linear Stability......Page 398 6.3 An Example: Linear Stability with Distributed Sources of Heat and Motion of the Boundary......Page 399 6.4 Rayleigh's Criterion and Linear Stability......Page 401 6.5 Explicit Formulas for Linear Stability......Page 403 7.1 The Two-Mode Approximation......Page 409 7.2 Application of a Continuation Method......Page 414 7.3 Hysteresis and Control of Combustion Instabilities......Page 416 7.4 Representing Noise in Analysis of Combustor Dynamics......Page 418 7.5 System Identification for Combustor Dynamics with Noise......Page 420 8. PASSIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES......Page 425 A.1 General Equations of Motion. Conservation of Species......Page 427 A.2 Expansions in Mean and Fluctuating Variables......Page 429 B. THE EQUATIONS FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY MOTIONS......Page 431 B.1 Equations for Unsteady One-Dimensional Motions......Page 432 REFERENCES......Page 433 1. Introduction......Page 451 2. Coupled Oscillator Equations......Page 453 2.1 Energy Transfer......Page 454 2.2 Modal Truncation......Page 455 3. Triggered Limit Cycles......Page 456 4. Velocity Coupling Models......Page 458 6. Acknowledgments......Page 461 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 463 GRAIN REGRESSION EFFECT......Page 270 Unsteady Combustion Modeling......Page 271 Comparison to Analytical Results......Page 273 Comparison to Acoustic Balance......Page 274 Cold Flows......Page 277 Validation on Simplified Rocket Motors......Page 278 Full Motor Firing Simulation......Page 279 Fluid-Structure Coupling......Page 280 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 283 REFERENCES......Page 284 Report Documentation Page......Page 465 These RTO-AVT / VKI Special Course notes provide the state of the art in internal aerodynamics in solid rocket propulsion, in a way accessible to attendees coming from both academic and industrial areas. Two families of solid motors can be identified: tactical rockets and large boosters for launch vehicles. The military rockets are subjected to combustion instabilities while vortex shedding drives the instabilities in the large boosters. After an overview of the motor internal flow dynamics, combustion of solid propellants and metal particulates were presented. Numerical modeling of internal flow aerodynamics, two-phase flow and flow/structural interactions were addressed, before focusing on the motor flow and combustion instabilities. The main objective of these course notes is therefore to allow an information transfer between well-known scientists, leaders in the solid propulsion field, and demanding industries and laboratories. For these reasons, this proceeding appeals not only to experts already working in the domain, but also to newcomers to the field. __________ Сборник содержит работы, посвящённые современному уровню внутренней аэродинамики твердотопливных ракетных двигателей, написанные языком, понятным специалистам из научной и промышленной областей. Главная задача сборника - обеспечить обмен информацией между известными учёными, ведущими специалистами в области твердотопливных двигателей и работниками соответствующих областей промышленности и лабораторий. Образцы страниц