Interdisciplinary Investigations into the Lvov-Warsaw School (History of Analytic Philosophy)

This book presents the heritage of the Lvov-Warsaw School from both the historical and the philosophical perspective. The historical view focuses on the beginnings and the dramatic end of the School brought about by the outbreak of World War II. The philosophical view, on the other hand, encompasses a broad spectrum of issues, including logical, epistemological, axiological, and psychological problems, revealing the interdisciplinary nature of studies carried out by Kazimierz Twardowski and his students. With thirteen diverse and original essays this volume is split into three parts: History, Culture and Axiology; Psychology; and Logic and Methodology. Exploring not only the history of philosophy represented by the Lvov-Warsaw school, the book also reflects on the condition of contemporary philosophy from the perspective of concepts developed by its representatives. Furthermore, the studies presented in this book delve into problems of contemporary science and its distinctive interdisciplinary character. This volume is, therefore, not only a collection of analyses of the Lvov-Warsaw School philosophy, but also an investigation into the interdisciplinarity of science and philosophy itself. Series Editor’s Foreword 6 Preface 9 Contents 11 Notes on Contributors 17 List of Figures 19 List of Tables 20 1 Introduction 21 Part I History, Culture and Axiology 34 2 Lvov-Warsaw School: Historical and Sociological Comments 35 1 Introduction 35 2 The Beginnings 36 3 Two Periods of the School’s History 40 4 The Method 43 5 The Fate of LWS Members 46 References 51 3 The Victims and the Survivors: The Lvov-Warsaw School and the Holocaust 52 1 Introduction 52 2 The Victims 54 3 The Survivors 56 4 Conclusion 60 References 61 4 The Lvov-Warsaw School on the University and Its Tasks 64 1 Introduction 64 2 The Ethos of a University Professor 65 3 Kazimierz Twardowski and the Modern University 68 4 Tadeusz Czeżowski on the Tasks of the University 70 5 Conclusion 76 References 78 5 The Axiology Project of the Lvov-Warsaw School 80 1 Introduction 80 2 Objectivism in the Understanding of Good 82 3 The Category of Act 89 4 The Category of Happiness 94 5 Conclusion 99 References 100 6 Interpersonal and Intertextual Relations in the Lvov-Warsaw School 103 1 Introduction 103 2 Influence and Its Necessary Conditions 104 2.1 Contact Between Philosophers 104 2.2 Types of Influence 105 2.3 Resonance: Its Spheres, Nature and Manifestations 107 2.4 Identification of Influence 108 3 Influences Within the LWS: Examples 109 3.1 Contacts Between Twardowski and His Students 110 3.2 Twardowski’s Resonance in the Didactic Sphere 112 3.3 Examples of Twardowski’s Theoretical Resonance in His Disciples 113 3.3.1 Witwicki 114 3.3.2 Łukasiewicz 115 3.3.3 Leśniewski 116 3.3.4 Kotarbiński 117 3.3.5 Czeżowski 118 3.3.6 Ajdukiewicz 119 3.3.7 Dąmbska 120 3.3.8 Twardowski’s Assessment of His Influence 121 4 Theoretical Resonance of Twardowski’s Disciples in Himself 122 5 Diversity of the LWS and Its Sources 124 References 127 Part II Psychology 133 7 The Relationship Between Judgments and Perceptions from the Point of View of Twardowski’s School 134 1 Introduction 134 2 Twardowski 135 3 Students of Twardowski 143 4 Conclusion 152 References 153 8 On the Lvov School and Methods of Psychological Cognition 156 1 Introduction 156 2 Background 159 3 Methods of Psychological Cognition 164 4 In Lieu of a Conclusion 170 References 171 9 The Interdisciplinary Nature of Władysław Witwicki’s Psychological Investigations 174 1 Introduction 174 2 The Theory of Cratism and Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology 175 3 ‘Wiara oświeconych’, ‘Dobra Nowina wg Mateusza i Marka’ and the Dorpat School of the Psychology of Religion 178 3.1 The Problem of Suppositions and Cognitive Dissonance 179 4 Cratic Portraits and Psychobiographies of Socrates and Jesus Christ 185 References 188 Part III Logic and Methodology 192 10 Pragmatic Rationalism and Pragmatic Nominalism in the Lvov-Warsaw School 193 1 Introduction 193 2 On How to Do Science: Controversies About Nominalism in the Lvov-Warsaw School 195 2.1 What Does It Mean to Be Indispensable? Ockham’s Maxim in a Modern Interpretation 195 2.2 The Puzzle of Existence: What Exists in the Domain of Physics? 198 2.3 A Pragmatically Liberalised Variant of Nominalism 200 3 Abstraction as the Driving Force of Scientific Progress 203 3.1 Some Comments on the Relationship Between Rationalism and Nominalism 203 3.2 Ontological Types as Ones to Be Addressed from a Syntactic Point of View 204 3.3 Syntactic Types and Their Relationship to Ontological Types According to CG 205 3.4 On How the Operator of Abstraction Transforms an Incomplete Expression into a Complete One to Name an Abstract Entity 208 3.5 On Abstract Constituents of Physical Reality 210 3.6 The Issue of Correspondence Between Syntactic and Ontological Types: Its Philosophical Import 211 4 Conclusion: On the Progress of Science Owing to Ever Higher Levels of Abstraction 212 References 216 11 Some Problems Concerning Axiom Systems for Finitely Many-Valued Propositional Logics 218 1 Introduction 218 2 Many-Valued Logics of Łukasiewicz and the Functionally Complete Three-Valued Logic 219 3 The Rosser-Turquette Method 221 4 Conclusion 224 References 227 12 The Methodological Status of Paraphrase in Selected Arguments of Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz 230 1 Introduction 230 2 Reistic Paraphrase 231 3 Explicative Paraphrase 238 4 Conclusion 247 References 249 13 The Metaphilosophical Views of Zygmunt Zawirski Against the Background of Contemporary Discussions on Interdisciplinarity in Science 252 1 Introduction 252 2 The Metaphilosophical Views of Zawirski 255 3 Multidimensionality of the Conceptual Framework Related to the Postulate of Interdisciplinarity 264 4 Conclusion 268 References 269 14 The Informational Worldview and Conceptual Apparatus 271 1 Introduction 271 2 Between Worldview and Philosophy 272 3 The Informational Conceptual Apparatus 278 4 Informational Worldview 281 5 A Discussion of Marciszewski’s Optimistic Realism 284 References 290 Index 293 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxi Introduction (Anna Drabarek)....Pages 1-13 Front Matter ....Pages 15-15 Lvov-Warsaw School: Historical and Sociological Comments (Jan Woleński)....Pages 17-33 The Victims and the Survivors: The Lvov-Warsaw School and the Holocaust (Elżbieta Pakszys)....Pages 35-46 The Lvov-Warsaw School on the University and Its Tasks (Włodzimierz Tyburski)....Pages 47-62 The Axiology Project of the Lvov-Warsaw School (Anna Drabarek)....Pages 63-85 Interpersonal and Intertextual Relations in the Lvov-Warsaw School (Anna Brożek)....Pages 87-116 Front Matter ....Pages 117-117 The Relationship Between Judgments and Perceptions from the Point of View of Twardowski’s School (Stepan Ivanyk)....Pages 119-140 On the Lvov School and Methods of Psychological Cognition (Teresa Rzepa)....Pages 141-158 The Interdisciplinary Nature of Władysław Witwicki’s Psychological Investigations (Amadeusz Citlak)....Pages 159-176 Front Matter ....Pages 177-177 Pragmatic Rationalism and Pragmatic Nominalism in the Lvov-Warsaw School (Witold Marciszewski)....Pages 179-203 Some Problems Concerning Axiom Systems for Finitely Many-Valued Propositional Logics (Mateusz M. Radzki)....Pages 205-216 The Methodological Status of Paraphrase in Selected Arguments of Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (Marcin Będkowski)....Pages 217-238 The Metaphilosophical Views of Zygmunt Zawirski Against the Background of Contemporary Discussions on Interdisciplinarity in Science (Jarosław Maciej Janowski)....Pages 239-257 The Informational Worldview and Conceptual Apparatus (Paweł Stacewicz)....Pages 259-280 Back Matter ....Pages 281-289