Interactions Materials - Microorganisms: Concretes and Metals More Resistant to Biodeterioration (Science Des Matériaux) (English and French Edition)

This multidisciplinary book is the result of a collective work synthesizing presentations made by various specialists during the CNRS «BIODEMAT» school, which took place in October 2014 in La Rochelle (France). It is designed for readers of a range of scientific specialties (chemistry, biology, physics, etc.) and examines various industrial problems (e.g., water, sewerage and maintaining building materials). This book is divided into five themes related to biocolonization, material biodeterioration, and potential improvements to such materials resulting in better performance levels with respect to biodeterioration: • biofilm implication in biodeterioration; • biodeterioration of non-metallic materials; The affiliations of the authors of the various chapters illustrate the synergy between academic research and its transfer to industry. This demonstrates the essential interaction between the various actors in this complex field: analysing, understanding, and responding to the scientific issues related to biodeterioration. Cover Table of contents Preface List of authors Acknowledgements Theme 1 Physico-chemistry of surfaces 1. Introduction to the physical chemistry of surfaces 1.1 Generalities 1.2 Surface tension and wettability 1.2.1 Concepts 1.2.2 Applications 1.3 Adsorption 1.4 Charged surfaces 1.4.1 Concepts 1.4.2 Interactions between charged surfaces 1.5 Characterization and modification of surfaces Acknowledgements References 2. Construction materials: general description and physical chemistry 2.1 General description – cements, mortars and concretes 2.1.1 Portland cement 2.1.2 Calcium Aluminate Cements (CAC) 2.1.3 Modern cements: mixtures of minerals 2.2 Setting and hardening – fundamental principles of crystallisation 2.2.1 Notions of solubility equilibrium, undersaturation and supersaturation 2.2.2 Nucleation 2.2.3 Crystal growth 2.2.4 Principles of crystallisation applied to Portland cement 2.2.5 Principles of crystallisation applied to calcium aluminate cements 2.3 Surface chemistry of hydrated cements 2.3.1 Surface charge and z (zeta) potential 2.3.2 Consequences for cementitious materials 2.4 Conclusion References 3. Microorganism-Concrete Interactions 3.1 General information 3.2 Parameters influencing the bioreceptivity of cementitious materials 3.2.1 Relationship between these parameters and bioreceptivity 3.2.2 Surface energy 3.2.3 Measurement of contact angles 3.3 Measurements of the evolution of surface properties of cementitious pastes with the technique of measurement of dynamic angles 3.3.1 Implementation 3.3.2 Evolution of contact angles as a function of time 3.3.3 Evolution of contact angles as a function of diameter 3.4 Conclusion References Theme 2 Biofilms: actors of biodeterioration 4. The bacterial cell: the functional unit of biofilms 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microorganisms 4.3 Microbial diversity and habitat diversity 4.4 Structures and functions of the bacterial cell 4.4.1 Cytoplasm, the nucleoid, and inclusions 4.4.2 The cytoplasmic membrane 4.4.3 Cell envelopes 4.4.4 Appendages, filaments and cytoplasmic extensions 4.5 Metabolism in bacteria 4.5.1 Aerobic respiration of chemoorganotrophs 4.5.2 Aerobes chemolithotrophs 4.5.3 The anaerobic respirations 4.5.4 Fermentations 4.5.5 Stratification and spatiometabolic structuration, syntrophy 4.5.6 Couplings of biotic and abiotic reactions: indirect biotic reactions 4.6 Conclusion References 5. Biofilm lifestyle of the microscopic inhabitants of surfaces 5.1 Biofilms, a lifestyle that concerns us 5.2 A continuous construction site 5.3 A complex organic cement to maintain the edifice 5.4 Nearly indestructible buildings 5.4.1 The extracellular matrix as a protective shield 5.4.2 Differentiation and physiological adaptation 5.4.3 The biofilm as a trigger of genetic plasticity in bacteria 5.4.4 Quorum-sensing, the social network of bacteria 5.4.5 Multispecies biofilms: a successful alliance 5.5 How to live with biofilms References 6. Journey to the centre of biofilms: nature, cohesiveness and functions of the exopolymer matrix 6.1 Chemistry of EPS in environmental biofilms 6.2 Contribution of EPS to the cohesiveness of biofilms 6.3 Reactivity of EPS in biofilms 6.3.1 Trapping ions and organics by EPS 6.3.2 Hydrolytic enzymes associated with EPS 6.3.3 Protection of biofilms against disinfectants 6.4 Conclusion References 7. Biofilms in a marine environment: example of intertidal mud flats and metallic port structures 7.1 Biofilm life of marine bacteria 7.2 Consequences of the establishment of biofilms on human activity in the marine environment 7.3 Bacterial communities of two examples of marine biofilms that may have different impacts 7.3.1 The biofilms of the intertidal mudflats 7.3.2 The biofilms of metallic port structures 7.3.3 Interactions within marine biofilms 7.4 Conclusion References 8. Biofilms and management of microbial quality in drinking water supply systems 8.1 From treatment plant to the tap: a vast and complex to manage chemical and biological reactor 8.2 The water-material interfaces in drinking water distribution systems 8.3 Evolution of understanding of the causes for bacterial growth in drinking water distribution systems 8.3.1 Biodegradable organic matters 8.3.2 Knowledge on biofilms 8.4 Controlling biofilms in drinking water distribution systems 8.5 Conclusion References 9. Biofilms in industrial cooling circuits 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biofilm and evaporative cooling circuits: health hazard 9.2.1 Evaporative cooling circuits 9.2.2 Characteristics of biofilms in the circuits 9.2.3 Detection and measurement of the biofilm 9.2.4 “Risk of Legionella” and the role of biofilm 9.2.5 Major health hazard factors 9.2.6 “Legionella risk” management strategy 9.3 Biofilm in a refrigerated system: the risk of corrosion 9.3.1 Cold water piping system 9.3.2 Characteristics of biofilms in cold water piping systems 9.3.3 Danger due to corrosion induced by microorganisms 9.3.4 Major risk factors 9.3.5 Corrosion risk management strategy 9.4 Conclusion References Theme 3Biocorrosion of metallic materials 10. Electrochemical methods applied to biocorrosion 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Influence of EPS obtained from Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB 2021 on the corrosion behaviour of 70Cu-30Ni alloy in sea water 10.2.1 Experimental methods 10.2.2 Results: electrochemical measurements 10.2.3 Corrosion mechanism 10.2.4 Impedance model 10.2.5 Results: corrosion current 10.3 Influence of EPS extracted from Desulfovibrio alaskensis on the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel St37-2 in sea water 10.3.1 Experimental results 10.3.2 Results 10.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 11. On the iron-sulphur interactions involved in biocorrosion phenomena 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Marine corrosion of carbon steel 11.2.1 Role of the corrosion product layer 11.2.2 Description of the corrosion product layer 11.3 Corrosion of carbon steel in argillite and corrosion cells associated with heterogeneous corrosion product layers 11.3.1 Heterogeneity of the corrosion product layer 11.3.2 Galvanic cells and heterogeneity of the corrosion product layer 11.4 Conclusion References Theme 4Biodeterioration of non-metallic materials 12. Biodeterioration of cementitious materials: interactions environment - microorganisms - materials 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Interactions between the environment and microorganisms 12.2.1 Algae and cyanobacteria 12.2.2 Fungi 12.2.3 Bacteria 12.3 Interactions between the environment and cementitious materials 12.3.1 Ageing of cementitious materials according to the environment 12.3.2 Biocolonization of cementitious materials 12.4 Interactions between the environment and cementitious materials: biodeterioration 12.4.1 Aesthetic biodeterioration 12.4.2 Mechanical biodeterioration 12.4.3 Chemical / mechanical biodeterioration 12.5 Scientific approach to study the biodeterioration of cementitious materials 12.5.1 Laboratory tests for aesthetic biodeterioration 12.5.2 Laboratory tests for the chemical/mechanical biodeterioration 12.6 Conclusion References 13 Concrete biodeterioration 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Material biodeterioration, specificities of concrete 13.2.1 Chemical specificity 13.2.2 Physics specificities 13.2.3 Specificity of the study of the actual biodeterioration of concrete 13.3 Generic biodeterioration process 13.4 Measurement of concrete biodeterioration 13.4.1 Physical Properties 13.4.2 Chemical properties 13.5 Improvement of concrete strength 13.5.1 Concrete composition 13.5.2 Implementation 13.6 Differences between chemical attack and biological attack 13.7 Conclusion References 14. Biodeterioration of cementitious materials in sewage structures 14.1 Introduction 14.2 How does biodeterioration manifest itself in sewage and wastewater structures? 14.3 Hydrogen sulphide: the main vector of biodeterioration phenomenon in sewage structures 14.4 Impact of biodeterioration on cement materials 14.4.1 Influence of the chemical composition of the cement material on its durability in sewage systems 14.4.2 Polymer coatings as protection for cement materials in sewage and wastewater systems 14.5 Tests in situ for the study of the biodeterioration phenomenon in sewage and wastewater systems 14.5.1 Exposure in South Africa, the Virginia Experimental Sewer 14.5.2 Exposure in Japan, Hokkaido university 14.5.3 Exposure in France, Ifsttar 14.6 Conclusion References 15. Biodeterioration of cultural properties 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microorganisms involved in the biodeterioration of cultural property 15.2.1 Microscopic fungi 15.2.2 Basidiomycetes 15.2.3 Non-photosynthetic bacteria 15.2.4 Photosynthetic microorganisms 15.3 Fungi detection methods 15.4 Manganese oxidation of medieval stained glass windows 15.5 Treatments methods: the use of UV-C radiation 15.6 Conclusion References Theme 5Design and modification of materials 16. Choosing metallic materials with respect to microbial induced corrosion 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Titanium and its alloys 16.3 Aluminium and its alloys 16.4 Non-alloy steels 16.4.1 Pitting factor 16.4.2 Quantification of general corrosion in natural water 16.5 Stainless steels 16.5.1 Aerated environments 16.5.2 Deaerated environments 16.5.3 Mixed environments (with aerated and deaerated zones) 16.6 Conclusion References 17. Antimicrobial surfaces: A tool to combat biofilm development 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Different types of antimicrobial surfaces or coatings 17.2.1 Nanostructured surfaces 17.2.2 Antimicrobial peptides 17.2.3 Polymer with anti-adhesive property: polyethylene glycol 17.2.4 Coating containing nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, TiO2, ZnO, CuO) 17.2.5 Biocidal polymers (hydrophobic cationic polymers, N-halamines) 17.3 Focus on N-halamine coatings (regenerable) 17.4 Conclusion References 18. Extracellular microbial substances for cementitious materials 18.1 Introduction: cementitious materials and admixtures 18.2 Extracellular microbial substances 18.3 Influence of the EPSs on mechanical performances 18.3.1 Rheological properties 18.3.2 Compressive strength 18.4 Influence of EPS on physicochemical characteristics 18.4.1 Porosity 18.4.2 Mechanisms of hydration 18.4.3 Roughness of cement pastes 18.5 Interaction between extracellular substances and cementitious materials: curative actions 18.5.1 Self-healing concrete 18.5.2 Permeability of cementitious materials 18.6 Conclusion References Theme 1. Physico-chemistry of surfaces -- Chapitre 1. Introduction to the physical chemistry of surfaces -- Chapitre 2. Construction materials : general description and physical chemistry -- Chapitre 3. Microorganism-concrete interactions -- Theme 2. Biofilms : actors of biodeterioration -- Chapitre 5. Biofilm lifestyle of the microscopic inhabitants of surfaces -- Chapitre 6. Journey to the centre of biofilms : nature, cohesiveness and functions of the exopolymer matrix -- Chapitre 7. Biofilms in a marine environment : example of intertidal mud flats and metallic port structures -- Chapitre 8. Biofilms and management of microbial quality in drinking water supply systems -- Chapitre 9. Biofilms in industrial cooling circuits -- Theme 3. Biocorrosion of metallic materials -- Chapitre 10. Electrochemical methods applied to biocorrosion -- Chapitre 11. On the iron-sulphur interactions involved in biocorrosion phenomena -- Theme 4. Biodeterioration of non-metallic materials -- Chapitre 12. Biodeterioration of cementitious materials : interactions environment - microorganisms - materials -- Chapitre 13. Concrete biodeterioration -- Chapitre 14. Biodeterioration of cementitious materials in sewage structures -- Chapitre 15. Biodeterioration of cultural properties -- Theme 5. Design and modification of materials -- Chapitre 16. Choosing metallic materials with respect to microbial induced corrosion -- Chapitre 17. Antimicrobial surfaces : a tool to combat biofilm development -- Chapitre 18. Extracellular microbial substances for cementitious materials This multidisciplinary book is the result of a collective work synthesizing presentations made by various specialists during the CNRS «BIODEMAT» school, which took place in October 2014 in La Rochelle (France). It is designed for readers of a range of scientific specialties (chemistry, biology, physics, etc.) and examines various industrial problems (e.g., water, sewerage and maintaining building materials). Metallic, cementitious, polymeric and composite materials age depending on their service and operational environments. In such cases, the presence of microorganisms can lead to biodeterioration. However, microorganisms can also help protect structures, provided their immense possibilities are mastered and put to good use. This book is divided into five themes related to biocolonization, material biodeterioration, and potential improvements to such materials resulting in better performance levels with respect to biodeterioration: • physical chemistry of surfaces; • biofilm implication in biodeterioration; • biocorrosion of metallic materials; • biodeterioration of non-metallic materials; • design and modification of materials. The affiliations of the authors of the various chapters illustrate the synergy between academic research and its transfer to industry. This demonstrates the essential interaction between the various actors in this complex field: analysing, understanding, and responding to the scientific issues related to biodeterioration

Imaging at high angular resolution (HRA) is a flourishing discipline. High performance instruments like the spectro-polarimeter SPHERE at VLT/ESO has recently been implemented. A harvest of splendid results is continuously coming from interferometry with PIONIER, MATISSE, and now GRAVITY (all at VLTI/ESO), VEGA and JouFlu (CHARA), and at longer wavelengths with ALMA at VLTI/ESO and NOEMA/IRAM. The future is already underway with the very close launch of JWST/NASA, and the development of ELT at ESO.

HRA provides a unique way to study regions of stellar formation, proto-planetary discs as well as the surfaces of stars and their environments.

This volume offers lectures given by world experts in the field during the EvrySchatzman School on Stellar Physics (EES 2017) held in Roscoff, France. The addressed topics include a course of introduction to optical/IR interferometry covering the history and basic principles, a course on diffraction-dominated observational astronomy, and a course presenting the principles and instrumentation of optical long baseline interferometry. This book will be a valuable reference for researchers and students in the coming years.