Intelligent Virtual Agents: 7th International Working Conference, IVA 2007, Paris, France, September 17-19, 2007, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4722)

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA 2007, held in Paris, France, September 2007. The 19 revised full papers and 12 revised short papers presented together with five invited talks and the abstracts of 32 poster papers are organized in topical sections on rendering and analysis, culture and identity, behavior models, feedback models, dialogues, applications, evaluation, gaze models and emotions. Title Page Preface Organization Table of Contents Simulation Level of Detail for Virtual Huma Introduction Simulation LOD Overview Proposed Simulation LOD Framework Prototype Implementation Discussion and Future Work References Towards Natural Gesture Synthesis: Evaluating Gesture Units in a Data-Driven Approach to Gesture Synthesis Introduction Related Work Gesture Generation and Animation Offline: Annotation of Speech and Gesture Offline: Modeling Gesture Behaviour Online: Generation of Gestures and G-Units Procedural Animation Evaluating Gesture Units Method Results Discussion Conclusion References 3D Audiovisual Rendering and Real-Time Interactive Control of Expressivity in a Talking Head Introduction Real Time Synthesis and 3D Rendering of Expressive Speech A Module for 3D Real Time Rendering of Facial Expressions Platform Overview Conclusions and Future Directions References Semantic Segmentation of Motion Capture Using Laban Movement Analysis Introduction Related Work Hypothesis and Model Method LMA Effort Classifier Segmentation Determination Analysis References A Computational Model of Culture-Specific Conversational Behavior Introduction Conversation Simulation Aspects of Culture-Specific Behavior Proxemics Gaze Turn Taking and Overlap Overall Evaluation of Literature Computational Model Evaluation Conclusion References Ethnic Identity and Engagement in Embodied Conversational Agents Introduction and Background Methodology Results Conclusion References Neuroticism – A Competitive Advantage (Also) for IVAs? Introduction The Game The AI Scripting Language Introduction AI Actions Predefined Functions Perception of the AI Calculation of the Perceptions The Emotional Agent The Personality Model The Emotion Model Four Character Types Evaluation Conditions/Constraints Assessment Test Results Conclusion and Further Work References Emotionally Expressive Head and Body Movement During Gaze Shifts Introduction Related Work Approach Emotion Model Data Description Gaze Warping Transformation Producing Emotionally Expressive Animations Evaluation Conclusion References Fuzzy Similarity of Facial Expressions of Embodied Agents Introduction Fuzzy Similarity Similarity of Facial Expressions in an Embodied Conversational Agent Evaluation Objects of Comparison Procedure Results Discussion Application Conclusion References The Behavior Markup Language: Recent Developments and Challenges Introduction Quick Overview of BML Recent Developments Levels of Description Namespace Extensions Special Synchronization Features Feedback Open Challenges Maintenance of Behavior Constraints and Synchronization Current Projects and Tools Full ECA Systems Behavior Planners Behavior Realizers Repositories and Tools Conclusion References Dynamic Behavior Qualifiers for Conversational Agents Introduction State of the Art Modalities Preferences and Behavior Expressivity Modalities Preferences Behavior Expressivity Baseline and Dynamicline Dynamicline Computation Baseline and Dynamicline Specification Behavior Qualifiers Dynamicline Computation Example Demo Videos Conclusion References Creating Rapport with Virtual Agents Introduction Method Results Discussion and Future Work References Incremental Multimodal Feedback for Conversational Agents Introduction Related Work A Model for Generating Incremental Embodied Feedback Feedback Model for Max Architecture Module Realization in Max Conclusion References Searching for Prototypical Facial Feedback Signals Introduction Recognition Test Results Discussion Conclusion References Fluid Semantic Back-Channel Feedback in Dialogue: Challenges and Progress Introduction The Character of Content Feedback Human Subject Study: Listener Feedback Elicitation Analysis and Results System Design and Setup System Accuracy Evaluation Discussion and Future Work References T2D: Generating Dialogues Between Virtual Agents Automatically from Text Introduction Related Work System Description System Design Authoring of Mapping Rules Algorithm Preliminary Evaluation Walk-Through of Example Conclusion References So Let’s See: Taking and Keeping the Initiative in Collaborative Dialogues Introduction Initiative and Dominance Friendly Takeover Discussion References Health Document Explanation by Virtual Agents Introduction Health Literacy Virtual Agents to Address Low Health Literacy Related Work Health Document Explanation by Human Experts Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior During Human Document Explanation Resulting Model of Deictic Gesture During Document Explanation A Computational Model of Document Explanation Preliminary Evaluation Study Apparatus Measures Participants Procedure Results Conclusion References Virtual Patients for Clinical Therapist Skills Training Introduction Related Work Virtual Patient Domain Skills Training Conduct Disorder Virtual Patient Architecture Human Speech Input Response Selection Behavior Generation Character Control and Output Artwork Evaluation and Discussions Assessment of the System History Taking and Interviewing Assessment Results and Lessons Learned Conclusion References Integrating a Virtual Agent into the Real World: The Virtual Anatomy Assistant Ritchie Introduction Related Work The Virtual Anatomy Assistant Seamless Integration of Physical and Real Worlds Context Sensors Context-Sensitive Behavior Control The ACOSAS Core Engine and the ACOSAS Player Modeling the Story with ACOSAS Behavior Output Evaluation Method Results for the Interface Results for the Character Conclusion References Proactive Authoring for Interactive Drama: An Author’s Assistant Introduction Overview Example Domain Thespian’s Current Architecture Thespian Agent Fitting Procedure and Authoring Proactive Authoring Procedure Model Potential Users Simulate Interactions with Potential Users Filter Generated Story Paths Example Authoring Process Discussion and Future Work Conclusion References The Effects of an Embodied Conversational Agent ́s Nonverbal Behavior on User ́s Evaluation and Behavioral Mimicry Introduction Effects of Nonverbal Behavior Social Effects of Agents and Mimicry Method Results Evaluation of Max Nonverbal Behavior of the Participants Discussion References Spatial Social Behavior in Second L Introduction Background The SL Bots Experiment 1: Proxemity in Dyadic Interactions Method Results Spatial Response: An Automated Experiment Method Results Discussion and Future Work References Generating Embodied Descriptions Tailored to User Preferences Introduction A Corpus of Conversational Facial Displays Experiment 1: Recognisability Subjects Methodology Materials Results Discussion Experiment 2: Consistency Subjects Methodology Materials Results Discussion Conclusion References Scrutinizing Natural Scenes: Controlling the Gaze of an Embodied Conversational Agent Introduction State of the Art Behavioral Data Computational Models of Visual Attention and Scene Analysis Our Model of Visual Attention Saliency Map Attention Stack Smooth Pursuit Specific Objects: Face Detection Results and Evaluation Performances Conclusions and Perspectives References Attentive Presentation Agents Introduction Related Work MPML3D and Java Real-Time Component MPML3D Framework Java Real Time Component Gaze-Based Recognition of Interest and Preference Gaze-Based Presentation Reacting to the User’s Interest State Responding to Failed Grounding Preference Estimation Theory Method Results Conclusion References The Rickel Gaze Model: A Window on the Mind of a Virtual Human Introduction Related Work The Gaze Model Different Types of Gaze and Their Properties Cognitive Operations Associated with Gaze Commands Example Conclusion References Embodied Creative Agents: A Preliminary Social-Cognitive Framework Introduction Industrial Creativity Scope Definition Brainstorming How Can Embodied Agents Help? Hypotheses Research Program Expected Outcomes Contribution to Creativity Research Contribution to ECA Research Conclusion References Feel the Difference: A Guide with Attitude! Introduction TheAffectiveGuide The Emergent Emotion Model Storytelling System Prototype System Example Stories Evaluating the Affective Guide Questionaires Results Discussion Conclusion and Future Work References It’s All in the Anticipation Introduction Emotivector Predicting the Next Sensor Value Interpreting the Mismatch: Salience Interpreting the Mismatch: Sensations Selecting the Relevant Signals Uncertainty Aini Emotivectors in Action Results Conclusion References Incorporating Emotion Regulation into Virtual Stories Introduction Emotion Regulation in the Virtual Agent Context Global Overview Emotion Regulation Strategies Simulation Experiments Discussion References Endowing Emotional Agents with Coping Strategies: From Emotions to Emotional Behaviour References From IVAs to Comics Generating Comic Strips from Emergent Stories with Autonomous Characters The Comics Generation System Future Work References Emotional Agents with Team Roles to Support Human Group Training References Context Awareness in Mobile Relational Agents Introduction Experimental Platform Pilot Study on Awareness and Social Bonding References Implicit Training of Virtual Agents Introduction Implicit Training Conclusion References Human Actors and Virtual Agents Playing Together to Transform Stage Direction Practices Interactive Data-Mining Versus Dramaturgical Ontologies The Inter-media Play $La Traversée de la nuit$ Conclusion References Towards Characters with a Full Episodic Memory Work Detailed References Towards Fast Prototyping of IVAs Behavior: Pogamut 2 Introduction Pogamut 2 References Towards a Multicultural ECA Tour Guide System References Towards the Specification of an ECA with Variants of Gestures Context of the Study Relevant Semantic Dimensions of Gestures A Representation of Gestures Based on the Notion of Families of Gestures References AI-RPG Toolkit: Towards A Deep Model Implementation for Improvisational Virtual Drama Attention Based, Naive Strategies, for Guiding Intelligent Virtual Agents General Aspect The Reasoning Module TheIVA References Behavioural Reactive Agents for Video Game Opponents with Personalities AI to Produce Personality Traits Conclusion Adapting Hierarchical Social Organisation by Introducing Fear into an Agent Architecture References Roles of a Talking Head in a Cooperative Human-Robot Dialogue System References Modeling Imitational Behavior Via Social Comparison Theory Introduction SCT Implementation in Soar Evaluation of Imitational Behavior References Social Animation in Complex Environments References A Script Driven Multimodal Embodied Conversational Agent Based on a Generic Framework References A Quiz Game Console Based on a Generic Embodied Conversational Agent Framework References AVSML: An XML-Based Markup Language for Web Information Integration in 3D Virtual Space References Simulation Environment for Anticipatory Behaving Agents from the Artificial Life Domain Introduction - State of the Art Designed Architecture Results and Conclusion References Towards an Architecture for Aligned Speech and Gesture Production References Avatar Puppetry Using Real-Time Audio and Video Analysis SystemOverview Video Analysis Audio Analysis Control and Animation References Double Appraisal for Synthetic Characters Double Appraisal [DA] Double Appraisal with Modelling [DAM] Conclusion References An Expressive Avatar for Instant Messaging Endowed with Emotional Intelligence References ALICIA ALICIA’s General Architecture References Towards a Unified Model of Social and Environment-Directed Agent Gaze Behaviour Purpose Model Prototype Scenario References Automatic Generation of Expressive Gaze in Virtual Animated Characters: From Artists Craft to a Behavioral Animation Model Introduction From Artists’ Craft to Behavioral Model Experimental Results and Final Remarks References Analyzing Gaze During Face-to-Face Interaction References Affect and Metaphor in an ICA: Further Developments Introduction A Blackboard Architecture and Metaphor Processing References A Case-Based Approach to Intelligent Virtual Agent's Interaction Experience Representation Introduction Case-Based Representation of the IVA’s Interaction Experience Conclusions and Future Work References Modeling Spatiotemporal Uncertainty in Dynamic Virtual Environments References Avatars Contributions to Commercial Applications with Living $Actor^{TM}$ Technology Context Technology Benefits The CereVoice Characterful Speech Synthesiser SDK Introduction Expressive Synthesis: Breaking the Deadlock Reference VirtuOz Interactive Agents The Business of VirtuOz VirtuOz Technology Performance Utilisation of Corpus How are VirtuOz Agents Perceived? Finger Tracking for Virtual Agents Introduction Fingertracking Marker Calibration Summary Techniques of Dialogue Simulation Intelligence in Interactive Assistants (IA) Schemata and Social Comparison Reactance and Provocation Conclusion About Artificial Solutions Author Index This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA 2013, held in Edinburgh, UK, in August 2013. There was a total of 94 submissions. The 18 full and 18 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. In addition, the volume lists the 34 posters which were on display during the conference. The papers are organized in topical sections named: cognitive models; applications; dialogue, language, speech; non-verbal behaviour; and social, cultural models and agents. This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents, IVA 2007, held in Paris, France, September 17-19, 2007. The 19 revised full papers and 12 revised short papers presented together with 5 invited talks and the abstracts of 32 poster papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 100 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on Rendering and Analysis, Culture and Identity, Behavior Models, Feedback Models, Dialogues, Applications, Evaluation, Gaze models and Emotions