Intelligent Transport System in Smart Cities : Aspects and Challenges of Vehicular Networks and Cloud

This book presents a timely description of currently used and proposed technologies that involve the intelligent transport system to assist the manager of large cities. Therefore, it describes all concepts and technologies that address the challenges, bringing up a top-down approach, which begins from the vehicular network and central infrastructure to a distributed structure. For scientists and researchers, this book will bring together the state-of-the-art of the main techniques that involve intelligent transport systems to assist the manager of big cities. For practitioners and professionals, this book will describe techniques which can be put into practice and use to aid the development of new applications and services. Concerning postgraduate students, this book will provide highlights of main concerns and concepts and explain techniques that can assist students to identify challenges that they can explore, contribute to, and advance the current status of technology. Contents 6 Acronyms 9 1 Intelligent Transportation Systems 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Intelligent Transportation System Concepts 15 1.2.1 ITS Integration with Smart Cities 15 1.2.2 Architecture 17 1.2.2.1 North American ITS Architecture 17 1.2.2.2 Canadian ITS Architecture 22 1.2.2.3 European ITS Architecture 24 1.2.2.4 Challenges in ITS Architectures 27 1.2.3 ITS Applications 28 1.2.4 Security and Privacy in an ITS 29 1.3 Final Discussion 32 References 32 2 Vehicular Networks 34 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Smart Vehicle 35 2.3 Vehicular Networks 38 2.3.1 Characteristics of a Vehicular Network 39 2.3.2 VANET Applications 40 2.3.3 Involved Technologies 41 2.3.3.1 Physical Layer 41 2.3.3.2 Network Layer 43 2.3.3.3 Transport Layer 45 2.4 Final Discussion 46 References 46 3 Autonomous Vehicles 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Intelligent Vehicle 49 3.2.1 Embedded Mechatronics Systems 50 3.2.2 Sensing 51 3.3 Control 51 3.3.1 Architecture 52 3.3.2 Subsystem 54 3.4 Trajectory Planning 55 3.5 Computer Vision 56 3.5.1 Track Output Detection 56 3.5.2 Obstacle Detection 58 3.5.3 Detection and Recognition of Traffic Signals 59 3.5.4 Visual Navigation 61 3.6 Final Discussion 61 References 61 4 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication 64 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication Concepts 65 4.2.1 Mobility Management 66 4.2.1.1 Handoff 67 4.2.1.2 Proxy Mobile IPv6 68 4.2.1.3 IEEE 802.21 69 4.2.1.4 Proxy Mobile IP with IEEE 802.21 and Other Strategies 71 4.2.1.5 Discussion and Challenges Encountered 73 4.2.2 Software-Defined Networking 74 4.2.2.1 Software-Defined Networking with Vehicular Network 76 4.2.2.2 An Overview of Smart City Architecture Based on SDN Elements 77 4.2.2.3 SDN as Manager of Vehicles Communication 79 4.2.2.4 Discussions and Challenges Encountered 85 4.3 Final Discussion 86 References 86 5 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Concepts 90 5.2.1 Technique for Dealing with Network Disconnection 91 5.2.2 Technique for Dealing with a Broadcast Storm 92 5.3 Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols 94 5.3.1 Ad Hoc Routing 95 5.3.2 Geographic Positioning Protocol 97 5.3.3 Cluster Protocol 103 5.3.4 Broadcast Protocol 104 5.3.5 Multicast Protocol 107 5.3.6 Geocast Protocol 111 5.4 Discussions and Challenges Encountered 114 5.5 Final Discussion 119 References 120 6 Vehicular Cloud 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Vehicular Cloud Concepts 124 6.2.1 Cloud Formation and Services 127 6.2.2 Virtual Machine Migration 129 6.2.3 Job Assignment in VCs 130 6.3 Resource Management in Vehicular Clouds 131 6.3.1 Resource Management by Infrastructure 132 6.3.1.1 Integer Linear Programming 132 6.3.1.2 Semi-Markov Decision Process 134 6.3.1.3 Game Theory 137 6.3.1.4 Communication Layers 139 6.3.1.5 Discussions and Challenges Encountered 140 6.3.2 Resource Management by Vehicles 141 6.3.2.1 Bayesian Coalition Game 142 6.3.2.2 Semi-Markov Decision Process 143 6.3.2.3 Discussions and Challenges 143 6.4 Service Discovery in a Vehicular Cloud 144 6.4.1 RSU as Resource Discovery Manager 145 6.4.1.1 Data Dissemination 145 6.4.1.2 Clustering 146 6.4.1.3 Discussions and Challenges Encountered 147 6.4.2 Vehicles as Resource Discovery Managers 148 6.4.2.1 Data Dissemination 149 6.4.2.2 Publish-Subscribe 149 6.4.2.3 P2P 150 6.4.2.4 Discussions and Challenges Encountered 151 6.5 Final Discussion 152 References 153 7 Applications and Services 156 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Applications and Services 157 7.2.1 Safety Application 158 7.2.2 Nonsafety Applications 161 7.2.2.1 Road Sensing 161 7.2.2.2 Traffic Efficiency 163 7.2.2.3 Comfort and Entertainment Application 165 7.3 Big Data in ITS 168 7.4 Discussions and Future Applications 170 7.5 Final Discussion 172 References 172 8 Implementation and Testing Tools 176 8.1 Introduction 176 8.2 Mobility Model and Simulation 178 8.2.1 Synthetic Models 179 8.2.2 Survey-Based Models 179 8.2.3 Trace-Based Models 180 8.2.4 Traffic Simulator-Based Models 181 8.2.5 Validation 182 8.2.6 Advantages and Shortcomings 182 8.3 Network Simulation Tools 183 8.3.1 Network Simulator 183 8.3.2 JiST/SWANS 184 8.3.3 OMNeT++ 184 8.3.4 Advantages and Shortcomings 185 8.4 Integrated Mobility and Network Module in Simulations 185 8.4.1 iTETRIS 185 8.4.2 VSimRTI 186 8.4.3 Veins 187 8.4.4 Advantages and Shortcomings 189 8.5 Final Discussion 189 References 190 Front Matter ....Pages i-xii Intelligent Transportation Systems (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 1-21 Vehicular Networks (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 23-36 Autonomous Vehicles (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 37-52 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 53-77 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 79-112 Vehicular Cloud (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 113-145 Applications and Services (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 147-166 Implementation and Testing Tools (Rodolfo I. Meneguette, Robson E. De Grande, Antonio A. F. Loureiro)....Pages 167-182