Intelligent Sustainable Systems: Proceedings of ICISS 2022 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Book 458)

This book features research papers presented at the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS 2022), held at SCAD College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India, during February 17–18, 2022. The book discusses latest research works that discusses the tools, methodologies, practices, and applications of sustainable systems and computational intelligence methodologies. The book is beneficial for readers from both academia and industry. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Lung Ultrasound COVID-19 Detection Using Deep Feature Recursive Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Gaussian Filter 3.2 Watershed Segmentation (WS) 3.3 Information Gain Feature Selection 3.4 Deep Feature Recursive Neural Network 4 Simulation and Results 5 Conclusion References Predicting New York Taxi Trip Duration Based on Regression Analysis Using ML and Time Series Forecasting Using DL 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Pre-processing 3.3 Feature Engineering 3.4 Machine Learning 3.5 Feature Analysis 3.6 Evaluation 4 Results 4.1 Deep Learning Model Performance 5 Conclusions References Implementation of Classical Error Control Codes for Memory Storage Systems Using VERILOG 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Error Detection Schemes 3.2 Error Correction Schemes 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Error Detection Schemes 4.2 Error Correction Schemes 5 Conclusion References Parkinson's Disease Detection Using Machine Learning 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Research Contribution 1.3 Organization 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Proposed System Model 4 Comparative Study of ML/DL Algorithms ch4b4 5 Dataset 5.1 Data Pre-processing for MRI Scans 6 Performance Evaluation and Results 7 Conclusion and Future Work References Sustainable Consumption: An Approach to Achieve the Sustainable Environment in India 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Methodology 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation 4.1 Analysis of Reliability 4.2 Respondent Demographic Profile 4.3 Hypothesized Proposed Model 4.4 Correlation Analysis 4.5 Measurement Model Estimation 4.6 Overall Measurement Model Fit and Testing of Hypotheses 5 Conclusion References The Concept of a Digital Marketing Communication Model for Higher Education Institutions 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Outline 3 Omnichannel Versus Multichannel Approach 4 Conceptual Model of Digital Marketing Communication of Higher Education Institutions Development 5 Implementation of the Concept Model 6 Conclusions References A Lightweight Image Colorization Model Based on U-Net Architecture 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 The Architecture 2.2 Loss Function 3 Implementation and Evaluation 3.1 Experiment Preparation 3.2 Training 3.3 Quantitative Comparison to Other Methods 3.4 Qualitative Comparison 4 Conclusion and Future Works References Comparative Analysis of Obesity Level Estimation Based on Lifestyle Using Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Data 3.2 Proposed Model 4 Experimental Analysis 4.1 Model Comparison 4.2 Evaluation Measures 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References An Empirical Study on Millennials’ Adoption of Mobile Wallets 1 Introduction 2 Preparation of Your Paper 2.1 Background of Theoretical Framework 2.2 Perceived Ease of Use 2.3 Perceived Usefulness 2.4 Attitude and Intention 2.5 Sampling and Methodology 3 Data Analysis and Results 3.1 Reliability of the Constructs 4 Conclusion References An IoT-Based Smart Mirror 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Methodology 2.1 Functional Requirements 2.2 Software Approach 2.3 System Design 2.4 System Description 3 Implementation 3.1 Displaying Information 3.2 Amazon Alexa 3.3 Face Recognition 3.4 Door Lock and Thief Detection 3.5 Jitsi Meet Video Conferencing 4 Developed System 5 Results 6 Conclusion References AI-Assisted College Recommendation System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Implementation 4 Experiments and Observations 5 Conclusions References An Agent-Based Model to Predict Student Protest in Public Higher Education Institution 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Model Description 3.2 Model Implementatıon 3.3 Experimental Design 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Data Screening 4.2 Results 4.3 Discussion of Results 5 Conclusion 6 Limitations References RETRACTED CHAPTER: High Accuracy for Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Hybrid Spectral 3D-2D CNN 1 Introduction 2 HSI 3 CNN 4 Proposed Methodology 5 Simulation Result 6 Conclusion References Design Smart Curtain Using Light-Dependent Resistor 1 Introduction 2 System Design 2.1 Block Diagram 2.2 Light Sensor (LDR) 2.3 SPDT and DPDT Relay 2.4 LDR and Voltage Divider 2.5 Transistor and Voltage Divider 2.6 Overall Circuit 3 Experiment and Results 3.1 Software Simulation 3.2 Hardware Testing 4 Conclusion References Machine Learning Assisted Binary and Multiclass Parkinson's Disease Detection 1 Introduction 2 Identify Research and Literature Survey 3 Methodology 4 Dataset 5 Results 5.1 Binary Data 5.2 Multiclass Data 6 Conclusion References Category Based Location Aware Tourist Place Popularity Prediction and Recommendation System Using Machine Learning Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Terminologies of Machine Learning Algorithms 3.1 Feature Extraction 3.2 Topic Modeling 3.3 Classification Algorithms 3.4 Cluster Analysis 4 Methodology 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Language Detection and Data Cleansing 4.3 Feature Extraction 4.4 Topic Modeling 4.5 Sentiment Analysis 4.6 Spatial Data Mining 4.7 Popularity Prediction 4.8 Recommendation System 4.9 Visualization 4.10 Performance Evaluation 5 Experiment 5.1 Experimental Framework 5.2 Experimental Scenarios 5.3 Implementation 6 Results 7 Comparative Analysis 8 Advantages 9 Disadvantages 10 Conclusion 11 Future Scope References Maximization of Disjoint K-cover Using Computation Intelligence to Improve WSN Lifetime 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Representation of Disjoint Set Cover Problem 4 Methodology 4.1 Fitness Value and Solution Representation 4.2 Locally Corrected Genetic Algorithm 4.3 Differential Evolution (DE) 5 Experimental Set-Up and Results 6 Conclusion References Car-Like Robot Tracking Using Particle Filter 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Procedure 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Secured E-voting System Through Blockchain Technology 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Blockchain? 1.2 Election Process 1.3 Why the Need for E-Voting? 1.4 Why to Use Blockchain for E-Voting? 2 Literature Review 3 System Model 4 Proposed Method with Implementation 4.1 Tools and Technologies Used 4.2 Methodology 4.3 Features 5 Summary and Future Works References A Novel Framework for Malpractice Detection in Online Proctoring Environment 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Proposed Model 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Frequency Reconfigurable of Quad-Band MIMO Slot Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications in LTE, GSM, WLAN, and WiMAX Frequency Bands 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design 2.1 Reconfigurable of Frequency Slot Antenna 2.2 Reconfigurable of Frequency MIMO Antenna 2.3 S-parameters 2.4 VSWR characteristics 2.5 Surface Current Distribution 2.6 Radiation Pattern 3 Photograph of Fabricated Antenna 4 Experimental Results 4.1 MIMO antenna Diversity Performance Analysis 5 Conclusion References Intelligent Control Strategies Implemented in Trajectory Tracking of Underwater Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Conventional Trajectory Tracking Controls Used in UV 2.1 Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Control 2.2 Sliding Mode Control 2.3 Adaptive Control 2.4 Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) 2.5 H Infinity 3 Intelligent Control Techniques Used in UV 3.1 Fuzzy Intelligent Control 3.2 Artificial Neural Network or Artificial Intelligent Control 3.3 Genetic Algorithm Control 3.4 Machine Learning Control 4 Comparıson of Conventional and Intelligent Control Algorıthms Used in Underwater Vehicles 5 Conclusıon References Fused Feature-Driven ANN Model for Estimating Code-Mixing Level in Audio Samples 1 Introduction 2 Database Collection 3 Proposed Methodology 3.1 Speech Signal Detection and Segmentation 3.2 Framing and Windowing 3.3 Feature Extraction 3.4 Fusion of Acoustic Features 3.5 Artificial Neural Network 4 Experimental Results 4.1 Evaluation Metrics for Language Identification 5 Conclusions References Pre-emptive Caching of Video Content Using Predictive Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Dataset 3.2 Data Pre-processing 3.3 Normalization 3.4 Correlation Matrix 3.5 Predictive Analysis Methods 3.6 Caching methodology 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Information Dissemination Strategies for Safety Applications in VANET: A Review 1 Introduction 2 VANET Overview 2.1 VANET Architecture 2.2 VANET Standard 2.3 VANET Applications 3 Message Dissemination Strategies 3.1 Single-hop Broadcast 3.2 Multi-hop Broadcast 4 Safety Message Dissemination Methods 4.1 Beacon-Assisted Versus Beacon-Less 5 Discussion and Future Scope 6 Conclusion References Tech Stack Prediction Using Hybrid ARIMA and LSTM Model 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Tech Stack Architecture 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Model Selection 3.4 Data Processing 3.5 Model Building and Parameter Estimation 4 Experimental Analysis 5 Performance Metrics 6 Limitations of the Model 7 Conclusion References Deceptive News Prediction in Social Media Using Machine Learning Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Proposed Methodology 4 Selection of Machine Learning Techniques 4.1 Logistic Regression (LR) 4.2 Multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB) 4.3 Passive-Aggressive Classifier (PAC) 4.4 Multinomial Classifier with Hyperparameter (MCH) 5 Experimental Work 5.1 Data Collection 5.2 Preprocessing of Fake News Dataset 5.3 Design and Train/Test the Models 5.4 Analyse the Models 6 Conclusions and Future Directions References Several Categories of the Classification and Recommendation Models for Dengue Disease: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Issues Occurred in Dengue Fever 3.1 Data Sources for Dengue Classification and Prediction Systems 3.2 Traditional Data Sources 3.3 Modern Data Sources 4 Different Categories of Recommendation and Classification Models for Dengue Disease 4.1 Ensemble Learning 4.2 Artificial Neural Network 4.3 Support Vector Machine 4.4 Random Forest 4.5 Decision Tree 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References Performance Analysis of Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Detection of Cyberbullying in Twitter 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Contribution 1.3 Organization 2 Background 2.1 Categorize of Cyberbullying 2.2 Cause and Effect of Cyberbullying 3 Related Work 3.1 Research Gap 4 Proposed Approach 4.1 Preprocessing 4.2 Feature Extraction 4.3 Feature Engineering and Feature Selection 4.4 Classification Techniques 4.5 Performance Evaluation 5 Novelty of the Proposed Approach 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Text Summarization of Legal Documents Using Reinforcement Learning: A Study 1 Introduction 2 Approaches/Methods Used for Text Summarization 3 Datasets Used in the Study 4 Performance Comparison of Proposed Methods in the Study 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Use of Near-field Communication (NFC) and Fingerprint Technology for Authentication of ATM Transactions 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 2 Related Works 3 Technologies Used 3.1 Near-field Communication (NFC) Technology 3.2 Fingerprint Biometrics 3.3 Hardware and Specifications 4 Proposed System 4.1 Working 5 Conclusion 5.1 Future Scope References Light Gradient Boosting Machine in Software Defect Prediction: Concurrent Feature Selection and Hyper Parameter Tuning 1 Introduction 2 Literature Study 3 Proposed Method 4 Experimental Setup and Result Discussion 4.1 Empirical Data 4.2 Simulation Environment and Parameter Setting 4.3 Result Discussion 5 Conclusion References An Three-Level Active NPC Inverter Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis Using SVM and ANN 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Related Works 3 System Model of an ANPC Inverter Under Fault Condition 3.1 Neutral-Point Connected ANPC Inverter 3.2 Three-Level Active NPC Inverter 4 Open-Circuit Fault Identification and Localization Using SVM and ANN 4.1 Detection of Battery Fault Using SVM 4.2 Localization of Inverter Switch Fault Using ANN 4.3 Open-Circuit Fault at Sw1 5 Simulation Setup 6 Performance Analysis 7 Conclusion References Hybrid Control Design Techniques for Aircraft Yaw and Roll Control System 1 Introduction 2 Modelling of Yaw and Roll Control System 2.1 Hybrid Control Techniques 2.2 Simulation Results 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion References A Review of the Techniques and Evaluation Parameters for Recommendation Systems 1 Introduction 2 Types of Recommendation Systems 2.1 Collaborative Filtering Systems 2.2 Content-Based Systems 2.3 Knowledge-Based Recommendation Systems 2.4 Demographic Recommendation Systems 2.5 Hybrid Recommender Systems 3 Popular Techniques for Building Recommender Systems 3.1 K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) Recommender Systems 3.2 Matrix Factorization Methods 3.3 Deep Learning Networks 4 Testing on Recommender Systems 4.1 K-Fold Cross-Validation 4.2 Leave One Out Cross-Validation 4.3 A/B Online Test 5 Evaluation Metrics 5.1 Mean Absolute Error or MAE 5.2 Root Mean Squared Error or RMSE 5.3 Hit Rate 5.4 Average Reciprocal Hit Rate or ARHR 5.5 Recall 5.6 Precision 5.7 F1-Score 5.8 Other Parameters 6 Challenges in Implementing Recommender Systems 6.1 Changing User Preferences 6.2 Cold Start Problem 6.3 Time Relevancy 6.4 Sparse Data 6.5 Data Insufficiency 6.6 Shilling Attacks 7 Conclusion References Fostering Smart Cities and Smart Governance Using Cloud Computing Architecture 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Sustainable Smart Governance 3.1 Limitations of Cloud 3.2 Digital Governance Framework 4 Trends and Discussion 5 Conclusion References IoT-Enabled Smart Helmet for Site Workers 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed System 4 Hardware Description 5 Experimental Result 6 Conclusion References Efficient Direct and Immediate User Revocable Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Proposed Scheme Overview 3.2 Proposed Scheme Construction 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning-Based Abstractive Text Summarization Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Techniques and Methods Used for Abstractive Text Summarization 2.1 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) 2.2 Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network 2.3 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) 2.4 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) 2.5 Attention-Based Model 2.6 Reinforcement Learning 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Crop Disease Prediction Using Computational Machine Learning Model 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 2.1 Condition for Farming 2.2 Augmentation and Overfitting 2.3 Training and Validation Accuracy 2.4 Research Gap 3 Methodology 4 Training and Validation Result 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References A Survey on Design Issues, Challenges, and Applications of Terahertz based 6G Communication 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is Terahertz Communication? 2 Highlights of THz Communication 3 Applications of THz Communication 4 Design Considerations of THz Communication 4.1 Signal Generation 4.2 Channel Estimation 4.3 Thermal Stability 4.4 Beam Forming 4.5 High Directivity 4.6 Material Selection 5 Conclusion References A Study of Image Characteristics and Classifiers Utilized for Identify Leaves 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Existing Systems 3.1 Shape Features 3.2 Color Features 3.3 Texture Features 4 Proposed Work 4.1 Image Acquisition 4.2 Image Preprocessing 4.3 Image Segmentation 4.4 Feature Extraction 4.5 Classification 4.6 Result 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References COVID-19 Detection Using X-Ray Images by Using Convolutional Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Objective 4 Methodology 5 Result 6 Conclusion References Polarimetric Technique for Forest Target Detection Using Scattering-Based Vector Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Forest Parameter Analysis 3 Spotlight Mode and Strip Map Mode Analysis 4 Results 5 Discussions 6 Conclusions References Multilingual Identification Using Deep Learning 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Description of Dataset 4 Methodology 4.1 Proposed Model 4.2 Training 5 Experimental Result 5.1 Language Identification Model 6 Conclusion References AI-Based Career Counselling with Chatbots 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 2.1 Jollity Chat-Bot-A Contextual AI Assistant [1] 2.2 Nsmav-Bot: Intelligent Dual Language Tutor System [3] 2.3 Ticketing Chatbot Service Using Serverless NLP Technology [5] 2.4 Effectiveness of an Empathic Chatbot in Combating Adverse Effects of Social Exclusion on Mood [7] 2.5 Exploring and Promoting Diagnostic Transparency and Explainability in Online Symptom Checkers [9] 3 Rasa and Its Merits 4 Data 5 Framework and Method 6 System Analysis 6.1 Functional Requirements 6.2 Non-Functional Requirements 6.3 Advantages 6.4 Disadvantages 7 Implementation 7.1 Chatbot Frontend 7.2 Chatbot Backend 7.3 Actions Module 7.4 Email Module 7.5 Rasa Module 8 Conclusion and Future Work References A High-Gain Improved Linearity Folded Cascode LNA for Wireless Applicatıons 1 Introduction 2 Proposed LNA 2.1 Impedance Calculation of Proposed LNA 2.2 Transconductance Improvement Using Diode Connected Forward Body Biasing Technique 2.3 Gain Improvement Using Complementary Current Reuse Technique 2.4 Linearity Improvement Using PMOS Inter Modulation Distortion Sinker Technique 3 Simulation Results 3.1 Effect of Current Reuse Capacitor (Cm) on Gain 3.2 Effect of Diode Connected Forward Body Biasing on Gain 4 Performance Comparison with Existing State of Art 5 Conclusion References Design and Analysis of Low Power FinFET-Based Hybrid Full Adders at 16 nm Technology Node 1 Introduction 2 The Technique 3 Results 3.1 HFA-19T 3.2 HFA-22T 3.3 HFA–26T with Buffer 3.4 HFA–26T with New Buffer 4 Conclusions References A Review on Fish Species Classification and Determination Using Machine Learning Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Fish Species Classification Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models 2.1 Sensors Based Quality Evaluation 2.2 Other Comparison Methodologies Applied 3 Conclusion References Malicious URL Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Problem Definition, Research Challenges, and Dataset Description 3.1 Problem Definition 3.2 Challenges 3.3 Dataset Description 4 Methodology 4.1 Module Description 5 Experimental Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Comparative Study of Blockchain-Based Voting Solutions 1 Introduction 2 Background Theory 2.1 Blockchain Technology—As a Distributed Ledger Technology, Its Working, and Use Cases 3 Survey on Existing Mechanisms of Voting 3.1 Paper Ballots 3.2 Electronic Voting Machine 3.3 I-voting 3.4 Existing Decentralized E-voting System 4 Proposed System/Scheme 4.1 System Architecture 4.2 Methodology 4.3 Results and Outcomes 5 Conclusion and Discussion References Electrical Simulation of Typical Organic Solar Cell by GPVDM Software 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Technique 2.1 GPVDM Software 2.2 Modelling of Organic Solar Cell 2.3 Electrical Simulation of the Organic Solar Cell on Varying Thickness of Active Layer 3 Simulation Results 4 Conclusion References Statistical Analysis of Blockchain Models from a Cloud Deployment Standpoint 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Fuzzy Empirical Analysis 4 Conclusion and Future Scope References Deferred Transmission Control Communication Protocol for Mobile Object-Based Wireless Sensor Networks 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 2.1 Related Work 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Energy Required to Transmit the Packet 3.2 Energy Required Receiving the Packet 3.3 Total Energy Consumed 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Experiment Setup 4.2 Simulation Setup 5 Conclusion References Crıme Data Analysıs Usıng Machıne Learnıng Technıques 1 Introduction 2 Research Objective 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Implementation 3.3 Data Visualizations and Data Insights: 3.4 Time Series Forecasting 4 Future Work and Conclusion References Subsampling in Graph Signal Processing Based on Dominating Set 1 Introduction 2 Subsampling to Dominating Set 2.1 Algorithm for Dominating Set 3 Subsampling to Efficient Dominating Set 4 Subsampling to R-set or CR-set 5 Special Cases 6 Conclusion References Optimal Sizing and Cost Analysis of Hybrid Electric Renewable Energy Systems Using HOMER 1 Introduction 2 Related Work in the Literatures 3 Resources for Modeling 3.1 Solar Energy Potential 3.2 Wind Energy Potential 3.3 Electric Load 4 HOMER Simulation Models and Results 4.1 House Load with Solar PV and Grid 4.2 House Load with Solar PV, Batteries and Grid 4.3 House Load with Solar PV, Wind Turbine Generator and Grid 4.4 House Load with Off-Grid System Connected to Solar PV and Wind Turbine Generator 4.5 House Load with Grid Connected Solar PV-Wind Turbine Generator 4.6 Hostel Load and Hospital Load 5 Conclusions References Different Nature-Inspired Optimization Models Using Heavy Rainfall Prediction: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Several Case Studies in Heavy Rainfall Areas 4 Different Nature-Inspired Optimization and Machine Learning Models Used for Heavy Rainfall Prediction Analysis 4.1 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) 4.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 4.3 Boosted Decision Tree Regression (BDTR) 4.4 Decision Forest Regression (DFR) 4.5 Naïve Bayes 4.6 Fuzzy System 4.7 Firefly Algorithm 4.8 Genetic Algorithm 4.9 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Hyper Chaos Random Bit-Flipping Diffusion-Based Colour Image Cryptosystem 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Lorenz Hyper Chaotic System 3 Proposed Colour Image Cryptosystem 4 Experiment Outcome and Performance Analysis 4.1 Histogram Analysis 4.2 Correlation Between Adjacent Pixels 4.3 Entropy Analysis 4.4 Key Space and Key Sensitivity Analysis 4.5 Robustness Analysis 5 Conclusion References Implementation of Fuzzy Logic-Based Predictive Load Scheduling in Home Energy Management System 1 Introduction 2 Proposed System 2.1 Predictive Scheduling 2.2 Fuzzy Controller for Proposed Work 3 Conclusion References Firmware Attack Detection on Gadgets Using Least Angle Regression (LAR) 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Theoretical Backround 3.1 Delineation Firmware Attack Detection on Gadgets Using Least Angle Regression (LAR) 4 Experimental Results and Comparison 5 Conclusion and Future Work References STEMS—Smart Traffic and Emergency Management System 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Literature Survey 1.3 Objectives 2 Methodology 3 Block Diagram 3.1 Block Diagram of Traffic Management System 3.2 Block Diagram of Pedestrian Safety System 4 Algorithm 4.1 Density Estimation 4.2 Signal Wait/Go Period Calculation 4.3 Switching of Traffic Lights 4.4 Activation of Pedestrian Safety System 5 Results and Analysis 6 Advantages and Limitations 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Limitations 7 Conclusion References Retraction Note to: High Accuracy for Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Hybrid Spectral 3D-2D CNN Retraction Note to: Chapter 13 in: J. S. Raj et al. (eds.), Intelligent Sustainable Systems, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 458, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2894-9_13 Author Index