Intelligent Agents V: Agents Theories, Architectures, and Languages: 5th International Workshop, ATAL'98, Paris, France, July 4-7, 1998, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science (1555))

The leading edge of computer science research is notoriously ?ckle. New trends come and go with alarming and unfailing regularity. In such a rapidly changing ?eld, the fact that research interest in a subject lasts more than a year is worthy of note. The fact that, after ?ve years, interest not only remains, but actually continues to grow is highly unusual. As 1998 marked the ?fth birthday of the International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), it seemed appropriate for the organizers of the original workshop to comment on this remarkable growth, and re ect on how the ?eld has developed and matured. The ?rst ATAL workshop was co-located with the Eleventh European Conference on Arti?cial Intelligence (ECAI-94), which was held in Amsterdam. The fact that we chose an AI conference to co-locate with is telling: at that time, we expected most researchers with an interest in agents to come from the AI community. The workshop, whichwasplannedoverthesummerof1993,attracted32submissions,andwasattended by 55 people.ATAL was the largest workshop at ECAI-94, and the clear enthusiasm on behalfofthecommunitymadethedecisiontoholdanotherATALworkshopsimple.The ATAL-94proceedingswereformallypublishedinJanuary1995underthetitleIntelligent Agents, and included an extensive review article, a glossary, a list of key agent systems, and -- unusually for the proceedings of an academic workshop -- a full subject index. Thehighscienti?candproductionvaluesembodiedbytheATAL-94proceedingsappear to have been recognized by the community, and resulted inATAL proceedings being the most successful sequence of books published in Springer-Verlag s Lecture Notes in Arti?cial Intelligence series Intelligent Agents V Preface Workshop Organization Foreword Contents Introduction The Belief-Desire-Intention Model of Agency Introduction Questions for the Panelists Response by Georgeff Response by Pollack Response by Tambe References BDI Models and Systems: Reducing the Gap Introduction Extended Logic Programming Program Revision and Non-Monotonic Reasoning The Event Calculus The Agent Model Originating Intentions Revising Intentions Conclusion References Information-Passing and Belief Revision in Multi-agent Systems Introduction Beliefs and Updates The Workspace and Integrity Constraints Constraint Systems Syntax of the Programming Language Operational Semantics Transition Systems Transition Rules Semantics of the Language Conclusions and Future Research Acknowledgements References On the Relationship between BDI Logics and Standard Logics of Concurrency Introduction Basic Modal Logic Rao & Georgeff’s BDI Theory Logics of Concurrency BDI Theory Phrased in my-Calculus’ Terms Some Consequences of the Correspondence Conclusion References Intention Reconsideration Reconsidered Introduction Agents and Environments Choice, Deliberation, and Action Runs Optimal Behaviour Real-Time Task Environments An Example Scenario One Scenario Two Scenario Three Scenario Four Generalised Meta-Level Reasoning Conclusions References Making SharedPlans More Concise and Easier to Reason About Introduction The Original Formulation of SharedPlans V_1 Actions and Recipes in V_1 Intention To and Individual Plans in V_1 SharedPlans in V_1 The Reformulation of SharedPlans V_2 Actions and Plans in V_2 Plan Trees in V_2 V_2 Definitions Theorems about Agents and Their SharedPlans Background Assumptions and Preliminary Results Theorems Related Work Conclusions References Autonomous Norm Acceptance Norms as Inputs to Goals The Main Issues Objectives Concepts for Dealing with Normative Agents Empirical Criteria for Autonomous Normative Agents Previous Work: Goal Generation and the Role of Social Inputs Normative Inputs to One's Goals Forms of Autonomy in Norm Acceptance Norm Recognition as Presupposition of Norm Acceptance Norm Acceptance Norm Compliance Concluding Remarks and Computational Applications Acknowledgements References Moral Sentiments in Multi-agent Systems Introduction Moral Sentiments: a Prolific Source of Ideas Description of the Experiments Agents with Moral Sentiments in an IPD Exercise Results and Analysis: the Unwitting Benefit of Altruism Discussion: Let Agents be Benevolent Conclusions Acknowledgements References Social Structure in Artificial Agent Societies: Implications for Autonomous Problem-Solving Agents 1. Introduction Social Structure and its Functionality Domain Model The Dependence Structure Plan Relations Agent Relations Type and Degree of Agent Dependence Dependence structure and the outcome of social co-ordination The Social Structure Social Structure and Social Co-ordination Social Co-ordination as a Bargaining Scenario Modelling Co-operation Modelling Conflict The Outcome of Social Co-ordination Applying the Nash solution Effects of the dependence structure Effects of the normative structure Computing the Outcome An Example Social Structure and the Micro-level Discussion References The Bases of Effective Coordination in Decentralized Multi-agent Systems Introduction Key Concepts Main Results Organization Experimental Setup Knowledge and Choice The Protocol Inertia Analysis Error Tolerance Results Initial Hypotheses Sharing of Knowledge Inertia Revisited Discussion Literature Future Work References A Model Checking Algorithm for Multi-agent Systems Introduction A Motivating Example Background Concepts Multiagent Finite State Machines Model Checking a MAFSM Conclusion References Compositional Verification of Multi-agent Systems in Temporal Multi-epistemic Logic Introduction Compositional Verification Temporal Multi-Epistemic Logic Compositional Temporal Theories Compositional Proof Structures Default Persistence and Revision Conclusions References Emergent Mental Attitudes in Layered Agents Introduction The Normative BDI Theory The Layered Agent as a BDI Holon: Motivating Example A Holonic and Layered BDI Theory Discussion References The Right Agent (Architecture) to Do the Right Thing Introduction The Test Set Application Areas for Intelligent Agents An Taxonomy of Agent Applications Agent Architectures and Applications: Some Guidelines Discussion Conclusion References A Agent architectures, types, and applications Representing Abstract Agent Architectures Introduction The Computational Model Agents Concurrency and Communication Groups Inside an Agent Temporal Logic and its Execution Reactive Rules Deliberative Rules Higher-Level Rules Modularising an Agent Layering an Agent Modifying Properties of Layers Example: Synchronous Groups Example: Layered Architectures Semantics Conclusions References HEIR - A Non-hierarchical Hybrid Architecture for Intelligent Robots Introduction Software Architecture Information Management and Exchange Expert Distribution Application Development ETHNOS A Practical Example Experimental Set-Up References A-Teams: An Agent Architecture for Optimization and Decision-Support Introduction A-Team Overview Human as Agent A-Team Advantages Related Architectures A-Team Implementation User Interface Class Library A-Team Configuration Language Building Effective A-Teams IBM Products That Use A-Teams Conclusions and Future Work References Goal-Satisfaction in Large-Scale Agent Systems: A Transportation Example Introduction Assumptions, Notations and Concepts Adapting Physics to MAS Modeling Agents: A PhysicsOriented Approach The Physics-Agent-System (PAS) Model Motion Towards GoalSatisfaction Collision and GoalSatisfaction A Protocol for a Single Agent Simulation RelatedWork Conclusion References Task Decomposition and Dynamic Role Assignment for Real-Time Strategic Teamwork Introduction Team Member Architecture Team Structure Role Formation Implementation in Robotic Soccer Domain Instantiations of Roles and Formations Dynamic Switching of Formations Flexible Positions PrePlanned Set Plays Results Flexible Positions and Set-Plays Formations Conclusion References Agent Languages and Their Relationship to Other Programming Paradigms Introduction Statement by Jean-Pierre Briot: Statement by Keith Clark Is There a Need for Special Agent-Oriented Languages Anyway? Is There a Need for New Agent-Oriented Languages? What Makes a Language Agent-Oriented? Should There be an Explicit Mention of BDI-like Features in the Language? Is There a Need for Formal Semantics and Formal Methods for Specification & Verification of Agent Programs? What are the Expectations for the Future of Agent Languages? (In 10 Years as Popular as OO Languages Nowadays?) Carl Hewitt, Negotiation Science and Technology: A Call to Action Opportunities Impact The Charge Summary Reflection and Conclusion A Survey of Agent-Oriented Methodologies Introduction Extensions of Object-Oriented Methodologies Advantages of the approach Aspects not addressed Existing solutions Extensions of Knowledge Engineering Methodologies Advantages of the approach Aspects not addressed Existing solutions Other approaches Formal Approaches Techniques based on the experience of agent developers Conclusions References The Agentis Agent Interaction Model Introduction Modelling Agents and their Interactions The Agentis Interaction Model The Conceptual Model Communication Language and Protocols Associations and Control Relationships Comparison and Conclusions References Content-Based Routing as the Basis for Intra-agent Communication Introduction The agent architecture The knowledge base Behavioural components Message board Agent head An example agent The implementation platform The message board Behaviour components The agent management toolkit Code server The agent library The management platform Discussion and Conclusions References Agent Communication Language: Towards a Semantics Based on Success, Satisfaction, and Recursion Introduction Theory of Speech Acts: An Unified Account of both the Truth and the Success Conditional Aspects The Situation Calculus: A Logical Formalism for Reasoning About Knowledge and Action Semantics of Speech Acts based on Success, Satisfaction and Recursion The Conditions of Success The Conditions of Satisfaction Applications of our Approach Contributions to the Analysis and Interpretation of Speech Acts Agent Communication Language: Towards a Semantics of KQML performatives Conclusion References Control Structures of Rule-Based Agent Languages Introduction A Rule-Based Agent Programming Language Control in Agent Languages A Language for Programming Control Structures Three interpreters Conclusion References A Reactive Approach for Solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems Introduction Related Works A Multi-Agent Model to Assign Land Use The Environment The Society The agents The Problem Solving Process and its Dynamic The Behaviour of the Groups The Behavior of the Agents Experiments Evaluating the results The Properties of the Problem-Solving Process Discussion Conclusion References Increasing Resource Utilization and Task Performance by Agent Cloning Introduction The Cloning Approach Cloning Initiation Optimizing When to Clone The Cloning Algorithm Overview of Cloning Procedure The Cloning Protocol Simulation RelatedWork Conclusion References An Index to Volumes 1-5 of the Intelligent Agents Series Agent Control Architectures Deliberative/Cognitive Control Architectures Reactive/behavioural Control Architectures Hybrid Architectures Layered Architectures Foundations of Agency Practical Reasoning/Planning & Acting Rational Action & Agency Decision Making, Decision Theory & Agency Agent Representation & Specification Formalisms Semantics of Agency & Logics of Agency Computational/Complexity Issues of Agency Adaptation, Learning, & Agency Cooperation Cooperation Protocols Models and Formalisms for Cooperation Game/Economic Theoretic Models for Cooperation Conflict Detection & Resolution for Agent Systems Coalitions & Coalition Formation Planning by/for Multiple Agents Coordination Coordination Techniques & Protocols Market-Based Control Market-Oriented Programming Communication Agent Communication Languages Speech Acts Negotiation, Bidding, and Argumentation Emergence of Cooperation and Social Action Sociology, Ethology, and Their Relationship to Agents Emergent Functionality and Swarm Behaviour Semantics & Logics of Multi-Agent Systems Multi-Agent and Cooperative Learning Environments and Testbeds for Agent System Development Programming Languages & Tools for Agent Development Relationship of Agents to Other Paradigms (e.g., OO) Benchmarks for Agent Systems Agent Communication Standards Agent-based Software Engineering Analysis & Design Techniques for Agent Systems Specification Techniques for Agent Systems Verification Techniques for Agent Systems Relationship of Agents to Software Engineering Pragmatics of Agent-based Development Experience with Agent Development Projects Commercialising Agent Technology References Index The leading edge of computer science research is notoriously?ckle. New trends come and go with alarming and unfailing regularity. In such a rapidly changing?eld, the fact that research interest in a subject lasts more than a year is worthy of note. The fact that, after?ve years, interest not only remains, but actually continues to grow is highly unusual. As 1998 marked the?fth birthday of the International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL), it seemed appropriate for the organizers of the original workshop to comment on this remarkable growth, and re ect on how the?eld has developed and matured. The?rst ATAL workshop was co-located with the Eleventh European Conference on Arti?cial Intelligence (ECAI-94), which was held in Amsterdam. The fact that we chose an AI conference to co-locate with is telling: at that time, we expected most researchers with an interest in agents to come from the AI community. The workshop, whichwasplannedoverthesummerof1993,attracted32submissions, andwasattended by 55 people. ATAL was the largest workshop at ECAI-94, and the clear enthusiasm on behalfofthecommunitymadethedecisiontoholdanotherATALworkshopsimple. The ATAL-94proceedingswereformallypublishedinJanuary1995underthetitleIntelligent Agents, and included an extensive review article, a glossary, a list of key agent systems, and -- unusually for the proceedings of an academic workshop -- a full subject index. Thehighscienti?candproductionvaluesembodiedbytheATAL-94proceedingsappear to have been recognized by the community, and resulted inATAL proceedings being the most successful sequence of books published in Springer-Verlag s Lecture Notes in Arti?cial Intelligence series

This book is the fifth in the successful line of Intelligent Agents volumes published in LNAI. It is based on the fifth workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL'98) held during the Agents World conference in Paris in July 1998. The 25 revised full papers included were selected from a total of 90 submissions during two rounds of reviewing. Also included are an introduction by the volume editors, two summaries of panel discussions held at the workshop, a classification of all papers published so far in the five Intelligent Agents books, and a subject index. This state-of-the art survey is essential reading for anyone interested in agent technology.

This text is based on the Fifth Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL '98). Included is an introduction by the volume editors, two summaries of panel discussions held at the Workshop and a classification of all papers published so far in the "Intelligent Agents" series.