Integrity of Scientific Research : Fraud, Misconduct and Fake News in the Academic, Medical and Social Environment

Foreword Preface Additional Reading Contents Part I: Introduction 1: Past and Current Status of Scientific, Academic, and Research Fraud 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Variants of Fraud and Misconduct 1.3 Integrity in Scientific Publication 1.4 Retractions in the Past 1.5 Do ``Honest Mistakes´´ Exist? 1.6 How Should Fraud Be Managed? References 2: Research Integrity: The Roles of Academicians, Their Institutions, and Other Agencies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Prevention and Treatment of Academic Fraud 2.3 Collaborations of Academician and Academic Institutions with Medical Journals 2.4 Collaborations of Academicians and Academic Institutions with the Press 2.5 Collaborations of Academicians and Academic Institutions with Industry 2.6 Missed Opportunities at Two Outstanding US Academic Institutions 2.7 Conclusions References 3: Indictment or Information Can Lie: Post-Truth in Science 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Historical Roots of Fake News and Misinformation 3.3 The Origins of Post-Truth 3.4 The Effect of Post-Truth on Science and Medicine 3.4.1 The Environmental Cost of Misinformation 3.4.2 Conspiratorial Beliefs of Anti-vaccination 3.4.2.1 The Role of the Social Media 3.4.3 The Infodemic on COVID-19 3.4.3.1 Unproven Therapeutic Protocols 3.5 A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach to Post-Truth 3.5.1 New Channels and Messages References 4: Legislation on Research Misconduct: Rationales and Reflections-A Swedish Perspective 4.1 Introduction: The Macchiarini Case 4.1.1 Personal Experience 4.2 Macchiarini´s Legacy: New Legislation on Research Misconduct Box 4.1 Key Items in the Swedish Act on Research Misconduct [29] 4.2.1 Limited Scope 4.3 The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct 4.3.1 Ongoing Impact 4.4 Penalties Are Not Included 4.4.1 Applicability of Ordinary Legislation 4.4.2 Incarceration for Ethical Failures 4.4.3 Professional Versus Criminal Sanctions 4.4.4 Psychological Profile 4.4.5 High Rollers 4.5 Prevention: How Can Universities and Journals Contribute? 4.5.1 Zero Tolerance Culture 4.5.2 The Role of Journals 4.5.2.1 Will Scientific Journals Report Suspected Cases of Research Misconduct to the New Board? 4.6 Whistleblowing, a High-Risk Undertaking, Now with Improved Legal Protection 4.6.1 The Sudbø Affair 4.6.2 Hans Eysenck 4.6.3 The Hostile Atmosphere Against Whistleblowing Box 4.2 Main Points in the EU Whistleblower ProtectionDirective Applied to National Legislation as Proposed by a Swedish Gover... 4.7 Future Directions 4.7.1 Statistical Analyses to Detect Research Misconduct 4.7.2 Disclosure of Image Duplication and Manipulation References Part II: Accountability of Scientific Teams 5: Publishing, Perishing, and the Infodemic of Fake Science 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Shaky Science for Everyday Life 5.2.1 Science Publishing and Assessment 5.3 Publication Weaknesses 5.4 The Epidemic of Predatory Journals 5.5 Trustworthy Journal Classification 5.6 Self-Correcting Science? 5.6.1 Science Through the Media 5.7 The Pervasive Invasion of Electronic Media 5.8 Illusory Truths 5.9 Reputable and Traditional Guidance 5.10 User Engagement Tricks 5.11 Trolls and Bots 5.11.1 Knowledge Deficit Solutions 5.12 Science Literacy Pitfalls 5.13 Engagement Models 5.14 Ongoing Pitfalls 5.15 Shared Initiatives 5.15.1 Framing the Story of Science 5.16 To Win, Understand Your Enemy 5.17 Persuasive Language: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 5.18 Immediacy and Personal Relevance 5.19 Institutional Commitment References 6: Policies and Ethical Challenges in Social Science Research 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Core Values of Research 6.2.1 Scientific Misconduct 6.2.1.1 A Protean Question 6.3 Understanding Scientific Misconduct in Social Sciences 6.3.1 Falsification 6.3.2 Fabrication 6.3.3 Plagiarism 6.4 Some Ethical Challenges to Social Research 6.4.1 Influence of Bias 6.4.2 Scientific Validity 6.4.3 Maintaining Methodological Rigor 6.4.4 Reactive Nature of Field Research 6.4.5 Ethical Protection of Participants 6.4.5.1 Ethical Repercussions on the Investigator 6.5 Measures in Place to Address Scientific Misconduct 6.5.1 Institutional Review Board (IRB) 6.5.2 Training 6.5.3 Peer Review 6.6 Concluding Remarks References 7: Pseudoscience During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-science 7.3 The Pseudoscientification of Science 7.3.1 Hydroxychloroquine 7.3.2 Plasma Transfusions 7.3.3 Remdesivir 7.3.4 Povidone-Iodine Disinfectant 7.3.5 Further Events 7.4 The Structural Problem of Science 7.4.1 Preprint and Mass Publication Culture 7.4.2 Press Releases of Research Results 7.4.3 Drug Approval System in Crisis 7.5 Conclusion and Implications References Part III: Research Ethics 8: Lysenkoism: A Fine Line Between Formation of Scientific News and Disinformation 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Fundamentals of the New Biology 8.1.2 Politicization of Science 8.2 Lysenkoism and Michurinism 8.3 The Main Components of Lysenkoism, Their Implementation, and Social Consequences 8.3.1 Vernalization 8.3.2 Food for the Masses and Execration for Scientists 8.3.3 Creative Darwinism and Close Planting 8.3.4 Spontaneous Generation 8.4 Lysenkoism in Poland 8.4.1 Proclamation and Implementation 8.4.2 Genesis: Internal Factors 8.4.3 The New Biology in Zoology 8.5 Conclusions References Primary Sources Secondary Sources 9: Misconduct and Consent: The Importance of Informed Consent in Medical Research 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Background to Informed Consent 9.2.1 The History of Informed Consent 9.2.2 Historic Consent Litigations in Medical Care 9.2.3 Breaches of the Consent Principle in Scientific Research 9.3 The Definition of Informed Consent 9.4 Types of Consent and Their Collection 9.5 Recent Advances and Their Effect on Consent Collection 9.5.1 Broad and ``Opt-Out´´ Consent 9.6 Examples of Misconduct in Informed Consent 9.7 New Perspectives References 10: Research Biobanks and External Researchers Under the European General Data Protection Regulation: Between Controller-Proce... 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Commercial, Scientific, and Public Health Implications 10.1.2 Managing and Operative Roles 10.2 Data Protection in Research Biobanks: Exemptions and Safeguards 10.2.1 Rules for Sensitive Data 10.2.2 Rightful Disclosures and Protections to Biobank Participants 10.2.3 Scientific Research Exemptions 10.2.4 Conflicting Interests of Biobank Stakeholders and External Parties 10.2.5 Supervising Biobank Access 10.2.6 Transfer Agreements 10.3 Research Biobanks as Controllers or Processors 10.3.1 External Data Processing 10.3.2 Privacy Protection at All Levels 10.3.3 Hefty Financial Punishments 10.4 Controller-Processor Relationship 10.5 Joint Controllership 10.5.1 External Collaborations References 11: Research Involving Human Participants and Their Biological Material: A South African Perspective 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Legal Framework Governing the Use and Transfer of Human Biological Material 11.2.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 [12] 11.2.2 National Health Act 61 of 2003 [16] 11.2.2.1 Cadaver Tissue 11.2.2.2 The Health Research Ethics Committee 11.2.2.3 Informed Consent and Assent 11.2.3 Regulations Promulgated Under the National Health Act 11.2.3.1 Tissue Banks vs. Biobanks 11.2.3.2 Participant Co-ownership of the Results and Intellectual Rights 11.2.3.3 Compensation for Damages 11.2.3.4 Participant Rights in Case of Exported Samples 11.3 Standard Material Transfer Agreement for Human Biological Materials (SNMTA) 11.3.1 Institutional Responsibilities and Donor Rights 11.3.2 Benefit-Sharing vs. Financial Benefits 11.3.3 Consent for Primary vs. Secondary Use of Biomaterials 11.3.4 Legal Conflicts 11.3.5 Intellectual Property Rights References Journal Articles Statutes and Regulations South Africa United Kingdom Websites (Organisations) Part IV: Research Misconduct 12: Ethical and Legal Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Imaging Diagnosis 12.3 Legal and Ethical Risks of Using AI 12.4 Possible Preventive and Corrective Interventions 12.4.1 Autonomy and Data Privacy 12.4.1.1 Clinical Research and Modalities of Informed Consent 12.4.1.2 Stakeholders 12.4.1.3 Confidentiality Risks 12.4.1.4 Federated Learning (FL) 12.4.2 Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice 12.4.2.1 Continuous Self-Learning Algorithms 12.4.2.2 Commercial and Other Nonscientific Applications 12.4.3 Transparency and Accountability 12.4.3.1 Major Disasters 12.4.3.2 Challenges and Competitions 12.5 AI Ethical Codes 12.5.1 Regulatory Procedures 12.5.2 AI Applications in Radiology 12.5.3 Guidelines Concerning AI Research 12.6 Future Perspectives References 13: Typhoid Fever as a Biological Nazi Weapon in the Terezin Jewish Ghetto 13.1 Introduction 13.2 A Model Concentration Camp 13.3 Living Conditions and Health Troubles 13.4 Healthcare Facilities 13.5 The Small Fortress Prison 13.6 Female Prisoners 13.7 Epidemic Typhus in Terezin 13.8 Jewish Guilt 13.9 Endemic Louse-Borne Diseases 13.10 Other Jewish Ghettos 13.11 The End of the War Calamity 13.12 The 11th Hour ``Death Transports´´ 13.13 Purposeful Introduction of the Epidemic 13.14 Scorched Earth Policy 13.15 Rescue of the Survivors References 14: Fraud, Misconduct, and Unethical Practices in Biomedical Research in China 14.1 The Concept of Research Misconduct in China 14.2 Unethical Practices vs. Research Misconduct 14.3 The Hanxin Digital Computer Chip Production 14.4 Clinical Trials of Golden Rice 14.5 Critical Analysis of the Trial 14.6 Unproven and Unregulated Stem Cell Therapy 14.7 Head-to-Body Transplantation 14.8 He Jiankui Incident 14.9 Paper Mill 14.10 General Underlying Mechanisms 14.10.1 Conflict of Interest 14.11 Perverse Incentives by the Government or Local Agencies: The Han Case 14.12 Failure of Self-Discipline Alone 14.13 Regulatory Gap 14.14 Incompetence of Supervising Bodies 14.15 Ethics Dumping References 15: Misrepresentation of Scientific Figures 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Scientific Publications 15.2 Fraud 15.2.1 Manipulated Images 15.2.2 The Role of Whistleblowers 15.2.3 Rule of Thumb 15.2.4 Data Collision 15.2.5 Conflicting Scientific Approaches 15.3 Honest Errors 15.3.1 Sloppy Statistics 15.3.2 Article Checklists 15.3.3 Publication Loopholes 15.3.4 Overlooked or Neglected Guidelines 15.4 Scientific Misrepresentation 15.5 Misinterpretation of Conclusions 15.5.1 The Relevance of Hindsight 15.6 Tactics for Misrepresentation 15.6.1 Endpoints 15.6.2 HARKing 15.6.3 P-Hacking 15.6.4 Preregistration of Scientific Protocols References Part V: Academic Institutions 16: Myths About Race and Racism on University Campuses 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Myth 1: The Right to Academic Freedom 16.3 Myth 2: Racial Microaggressions and Systemic Racism Do Not Exist Here 16.4 Myth 3: Tokenism and Inclusion Are the Same Thing 16.5 Myth 4: Psychedelic Communities Have Transcended Racism 16.6 Conclusion References 17: Harassment as Scientific Misconduct 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Harassment vs Misconduct 17.1.2 The Scientific Integrity Environment 17.2 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and Academia 17.2.1 Definitions and Factors Contributing to Sexual Harassment 17.2.1.1 Indifference to Abuse 17.2.1.2 Fierce Challenges to Success 17.2.2 Prevalence and Impacts of Harassment 17.2.2.1 Junior Personnel 17.2.2.2 A Wide Range of Consequences 17.2.2.3 Professional Repercussions 17.2.2.4 Disproportionate Impacts 17.3 Ethical Perspectives on Harassment, Bullying, and Discrimination 17.3.1 History of Research Misconduct Definition 17.3.2 Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Damage Scientific Integrity 17.3.2.1 Discrimination 17.3.2.2 Broader Definitions 17.3.2.3 Recent Initiatives 17.3.3 Redefining Research Misconduct to Include Harassment and Discrimination 17.3.3.1 An Ethical Framework 17.3.3.2 Long-Term Abusive Profile 17.4 Preventive and Corrective Policies and Strategies 17.4.1 A Scientific Integrity Net 17.4.2 Role of Professional Associations 17.4.2.1 Case Study from the Earth and Space Sciences 17.4.3 Changes in Academia and the Workplace 17.4.3.1 Ethical Climate 17.4.3.2 Opposition to Change 17.4.3.3 Further Initiatives in the Earth and Space Sciences 17.4.4 Role of Funding Agencies and Foundations 17.4.4.1 Support for Those Victimized 17.5 Conclusions References 18: Sexual Harassment in Orthopedic Training: Personal Perspectives and Outlooks for the Future 18.1 Background 18.2 Harassment in Orthopedic Surgery 18.3 Perpetrators: Superiors, Support Staff, and Patients 18.4 Gender Harassment: The Ultimate Burden? 18.5 Special Considerations 18.6 Solutions: Response and Responsibility 18.7 Endgame: Creating a Culture of Intolerance References 19: Institutional-Level Tracking to Combat Mistreatment of Medical Students, Residents, and Fellows 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Students 19.1.2 Residency and Fellowship 19.1.3 Gender-Specific Problems 19.1.4 Racial and Ethnic Minorities 19.1.5 Long-Lasting Consequences 19.1.6 The Benefits of Diversity 19.2 Types of Mistreatment 19.2.1 Microaggression 19.2.2 Sexual Harassment 19.2.3 Humiliation and Shame 19.2.4 Threatened with Physical Harm or Otherwise Intimidated 19.3 Current Tools to Track Mistreatment 19.3.1 Culture Survey 19.3.2 Climate Survey 19.3.3 AAMC and ACGME Survey 19.3.3.1 Mistreatment Survey 19.3.4 Focus Group 19.3.5 Individual Reporting 19.4 Preventing, Addressing, and Mitigating Mistreatment 19.4.1 Actionable and Consequential Code of Conduct 19.4.2 Bystander Training 19.4.3 Meaningful and Accessible Individual Reporting System 19.4.4 Victim Support Services 19.4.5 Implicit Bias Training 19.4.6 External Review for High-Stakes Evaluations 19.4.7 Restorative Justice Mechanisms Box 19.1 Employing restorative justice [42] 19.5 Proposed Framework Box 19.2 Who should take responsibility to address mistreatment? 19.5.1 Coordinated and Harmonious Organizational Oversight 19.6 Determining How to Intervene 19.6.1 Sexual Harassment 19.6.2 The Cycle of Abuse Box 19.3 Putting it all together References Part VI: Sensationalistic Science 20: Misleading Research of So-Called Alternative Medicine 20.1 Introduction 20.2 SCAM Enthusiasts Are Less than Enthusiastic About Rigorous Research 20.3 Experience Is Not Evidence 20.4 Clinical Trials 20.5 The Quantity of Research into SCAM 20.6 The Quality of Research into SCAM 20.7 Problems Encountered When Conducting SCAM Research 20.8 SCAM Researchers Might Be the Biggest Problem of Them All 20.8.1 Unbiased Protocols 20.9 The Safety of SCAM 20.10 Proving the Ineffectiveness of SCAM 20.10.1 Evidence-Based Therapy References 21: False Information and Mandatory Pediatric Vaccination 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Origins of Myths About Vaccination Consequences 21.3 The Role of Internet and Social Media 21.3.1 Dangerous Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence 21.4 Vaccine Hesitancy 21.4.1 The ``3 Cs´´ Theory 21.4.2 The Five Steps of Vaccination Hesitancy 21.5 Conspiracy Beliefs 21.5.1 Fake News, Bots, and Trolls 21.6 Is the Risk-Benefit Ratio of Vaccines Nowadays Positive? 21.6.1 Herd Immunity 21.6.2 Infection Elimination 21.7 Should Vaccination Be Mandatory? 21.7.1 Ethical Conflicts 21.7.2 Multi-pronged Approach 21.8 How to Promote Effective Knowledge 21.8.1 Advertising Resources 21.9 Ongoing Debates and Future Perspectives References Part VII: Clinical Trials 22: Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects 22.1 LSD: A Dangerous Hallucinogenic Agent or a Tool for Brain Investigation? 22.2 Ethical and Regulatory Constraints 22.3 Political Aspects, Episodes of Fraud and Misconduct 22.4 Future Perspectives 22.5 Ethical Guidelines for Future Research and Clinical Use 22.6 Conclusion References 23: Controversies with Clinical Trial Regulations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Advantages of Conducting Trials in Nontraditional Countries 23.2.1 For Trial Sponsors 23.2.2 For Host Countries 23.2.3 Ethical Controversies 23.2.4 Regulatory Controversies 23.2.5 Knowledge Transfer Pitfalls 23.3 Nontransparent Research, Fraud, and Misconduct 23.4 Future Perspectives References 24: Dangers of FDA Oversight of Clinical Trials in Developing Countries 24.1 Introduction and Background 24.2 Current Trends in the Geographical Migration of Clinical Trial Sites 24.3 Market Forces Driving International Migration of Clinical Trials 24.3.1 Cheaper Labor Costs 24.3.2 Faster Enrollment Rates 24.3.2.1 Financial Incentives 24.3.2.2 Participant Protection 24.3.2.3 Intellectual Restrictions 24.3.2.4 Access to Legal Assistance 24.3.3 FDA Rules Create Loopholes for Research Conducted in Developing Countries 24.3.3.1 Discarded or Mishandled Trials 24.3.4 The FDA Cannot Inspect Foreign Sites Like They Should 24.3.4.1 Expenses and Logistics of Inspection 24.3.4.2 Reduced Timeframe 24.3.4.3 Good Manufacturing Practices 24.4 Specific Examples of Clinical Trial Issues Overseas 24.4.1 World Health Organization/WHO and European Medicines Agency/EMA Inspections 24.4.2 Other International Examples 24.4.3 Overlooked Questionable Research Practices 24.4.4 Better Outcomes 24.5 Future Perspectives 24.5.1 Regular, Systematic Inspections References 25: Current Status of Research with Brain Organoids 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Should Brain Organoids Be Regarded as Small Human Brains? 25.2.1 Are Organoids Moral Structures? 25.2.2 Are Artificially Created Organoids Sufficiently ``Human´´? 25.2.3 Stretching of the Limits of Ethical Acceptability 25.2.4 Gene Engineering Procedures 25.2.5 Moral Status, the Critical Threshold 25.2.6 Can Organoids Become Active Parts of Human Beings? 25.3 Ethical Oversight in Human-Animal Chimeric Research 25.3.1 Conventional Ethical Restraints Only 25.3.2 Specific Ethical Rules Minimized or Overlooked 25.3.3 Delicate Questions Concerning Human-Animal Chimeras 25.4 Fake News and Sensationalization 25.4.1 Neanderthal Mini-brains 25.4.2 Brain-Machine Hybrids and Plane Thinking 25.4.3 Resurrection 25.4.4 Man and Non-human Primates 25.4.5 There Is Method in Misinformation Madness References 26: Ending Clinical Trials Prematurely 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Problems with Randomized Controlled Trials 26.3 Ethical Issues in Randomized Controlled Trials 26.3.1 Demographic and Nocebo-Related Events 26.3.2 Ethical and Moral Controversies of the Comparison Condition 26.4 The Role of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards 26.4.1 Current Relevance of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards 26.4.2 Adverse Events 26.4.3 Futility Concerns 26.4.4 Unquestionable Advantage of the Intervention 26.5 Statistical Issues with Interim Analyses 26.5.1 Alpha-Spending Rules 26.6 Stopping Trials Because of Futility 26.6.1 Problems with Early Termination 26.7 Stopping Trials Because of Benefit 26.7.1 Controversies Regarding Clear-Cut Benefit 26.8 Why Prematurely Stopped Trials May Overestimate the True Effect 26.9 Other Problems Due to Terminating Prematurely for Benefit 26.9.1 Late or Incompletely Reported Events 26.10 Guidelines for Stopping Trials Prematurely 26.11 Does Early Termination Constitute Misconduct or Fraud? 26.11.1 Questionable Research Practices References Part VIII: Corruption and Impropriety in the Healthcare Environment 27: Curtailing Corruption in the Recruitment of Public Sector Health Workers in Uganda 27.1 Historical Background 27.2 Transparent Recruitment 27.2.1 Common Corrupt Practices 27.3 Political, Policy and Governance Context 27.3.1 Corruption and Misappropriation of Funds 27.3.2 Nepotism and Political Patronage 27.3.3 `Rent Seeking´ Practices 27.3.4 Wage Bill Constraints 27.3.5 Delays in Accessing the Local Government Payroll 27.4 Discussion 27.4.1 Mitigating Measures 27.4.2 External Monitors References 28: Legal and Regulatory Issues in Selfie Telemedicine 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Patient- or Person-Generated Health Data (PGHD) 28.2.1 Internet of Things Healthcare Systems 28.3 Selfie 28.4 Telemedicine 28.4.1 Remote Monitoring 28.4.2 Old and New Phone Applications 28.5 Selfie: Person-Generated Health Data-Telemedicine 28.6 Telemedicine: The Ethical Issues 28.7 Telemedicine Legislation 28.7.1 Jurisdiction 28.7.2 Liability 28.7.3 Licensure 28.8 Doctor-Patient Relationship 28.8.1 Selfie Telemedicine and the Doctor-Patient Relationship 28.9 Consent 28.9.1 Conventional Precautions 28.9.2 Consent and Selfie Telemedicine 28.10 Authentication 28.10.1 Recent Recommendations 28.10.2 Authentication and Selfie Telemedicine 28.11 Privacy, Data Security, Data Storage, and Record-Keeping 28.11.1 Selfie Telemedicine 28.12 Quality of Care and Standards of Practice 28.12.1 Selfie Telemedicine 28.13 Continuity and Duty of Care 28.13.1 Selfie Telemedicine 28.14 Justice 28.14.1 Disadvantaged Populations 28.15 Mobile Phone Apps: Regulation 28.15.1 International Standards 28.16 A Model for Fraud 28.16.1 Selfie Relevant Examples 28.17 Apps and Fraud 28.18 (Selfie) Telemedicine and Fraud 28.18.1 Patient Transparency and Honesty 28.19 The Future of Selfie Telemedicine References 29: Healing the Healers: Addressing Moral Injury in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 29.1 What Is Moral Injury? 29.1.1 The Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) 29.2 Effects and Outcomes of Moral Injury 29.3 Moral Injury and PTSD 29.3.1 Nosological Classification 29.3.2 Frequent Overlap with PTSD 29.3.3 Unique Contexts 29.4 Moral Injury in Service Members 29.4.1 The Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) 29.4.2 Mental Health and Quality of Life 29.5 Moral Injury in Civilians 29.5.1 Press Correspondents 29.5.2 Forces of Order in the Civil Environment 29.5.3 Social Workers and Child Protective Services (CPS) 29.5.4 Community Educators 29.6 Moral Injury in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 29.6.1 Overwhelming Public Health Challenges 29.6.2 Healthcare Worker ``Burnout´´ 29.6.3 Life and Death Decisions 29.6.4 Contaminated Professionals 29.6.5 Birth Time Conflicts 29.6.6 Remedial Interventions 29.6.7 External Help References 30: Is Multi-level Marketing of Nutrition Supplements Questionable? 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Multi-level Marketing (MLM) 30.2.1 Health Advisors 30.2.2 Legal and Ethical Questions 30.3 Major Corporations 30.4 The Danger of Pyramid Schemes 30.4.1 No Company Employees 30.5 Multi-level vs. Pyramid Models 30.6 Compulsory Purchasing 30.6.1 Health Claims 30.6.2 Company and Product Profiles 30.7 Product Misrepresentation 30.8 Involved Healthcare Professionals 30.9 Beneficence and Professional Integrity 30.10 Nonmaleficence 30.10.1 Healthcare Professionals Advertising Supplements References 31: Euthanasia Not On Trial: The Career of an Austrian Nazi Doctor After 1945 31.1 Introduction and Background 31.1.1 A Chilling Personal Experience 31.1.2 Academic Focus 31.2 CV of a Villain 31.2.1 Illegal Neurological Biorepository 31.2.2 Post-War Activities 31.2.3 Neuropsychiatric Specialist and Prestigious Investigator 31.2.4 Journal Editor and Prize-Winning Scientist 31.2.5 Time for Reckoning 31.2.6 Unpunished Malfeasance 31.3 The Survivors´ Literary Testimonies 31.3.1 The Odyssey of Kaufmann 31.3.2 The Pains of Zawrel 31.3.3 The ``Education´´ of Johann Gross 31.3.4 It Is Not Theoretical, It Is Human Beings 31.3.5 Unworthy to Live 31.3.6 Anatomy of a Murderous Clinical Trial 31.3.7 Unethical Immoral Clique 31.3.8 Inhumanity Is Everywhere 31.3.9 Final Remarks References Part IX: Science and the Internet 32: Curbside Consultations in Pediatric Dermatology: Risks and Benefits 32.1 Introduction 32.1.1 Informal Information and Care 32.1.2 The Many Faces of Informality 32.1.3 Hazy Limits 32.2 Benefits of Curbside Consultation 32.2.1 Improving the Carbon Footprint 32.2.2 Convenience/Cost 32.2.3 Improved Patient Care and Provider Education 32.2.4 Collegiality 32.3 Risks of Curbside Consultation 32.3.1 Fear of Incomplete or Inaccurate Advice 32.3.2 Inefficiency/Burnout/Loss of Income 32.3.3 The Shadow Clinic 32.3.4 Lack of Financial Compensation 32.4 Ethical and Legal Concerns: Privacy and Liability 32.4.1 Informed Consent 32.4.2 Specific Consent 32.4.3 Transmission and Storage 32.4.4 Medicolegal Liability 32.4.5 Physician-Patient Relationship 32.4.6 Disparity in Access 32.5 Future Directions 32.5.1 The Telemedicine Impact 32.5.2 Documented and In-Depth Assessment 32.5.3 Not a Panacea 32.5.4 Guidelines for Curbside Dos and Don´ts References 33: Social Media and How to Overcome Fake News in Health 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Social Media and Fake News in Health 33.2.1 Conspiracy Theories 33.2.2 Mixed Contents 33.3 Strategies for Overcoming Fake News in Health 33.3.1 Infodemic Response Checklist 33.3.2 Quality Media Coverage 33.3.3 National Risk Communication Plan 33.3.4 Interdisciplinary Research 33.4 Sharing Evidence of Social Impact for Overcoming Fake News References 34: Cyberbullying in the University Setting 34.1 Types of Cyberbullying: Harassment, Threats, False Profiles, Insulting, Blackmailing, and Other Modalities 34.1.1 Classification of Principal Modalities 34.1.2 Most Commonly Employed Technologies 34.2 Cyberbullying Targets: Students, Professors, and Researchers? 34.2.1 Cyberbullying Among University Students 34.2.2 Physical, Social, Emotional, and Academic Repercussions 34.2.3 Cyberbullying from Student to University Professor 34.2.4 Impact on the Targeted Professor 34.3 Are There Professionals or Organizations Behind Cyberbullying? 34.4 Can Colleagues or Competitors Be Involved? 34.5 Are Universities Prepared to Deal with This Problem? 34.6 Recommended Preventive Measures References 35: Categories of Fake News from the Perspective of Social Harmfulness 35.1 Introduction 35.2 What Is Fake News? 35.3 Social Harmfulness as an Element of Crime 35.3.1 Excusable Violations 35.4 Social Harmfulness in the Dissemination of Fake News 35.4.1 Lions on the Streets 35.4.2 Fraudulent Crowd Funding 35.5 Conclusions References Part X: The Ethics of Publications 36: Preregistration of Studies with Existing Data 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Threats to the Validity of Scientific Inferences: Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) 36.2.1 Not Reporting All Collected Variables 36.2.2 Failing to Report All Conditions 36.2.3 Interim Analyses and Selectively Stopping Data Collection 36.2.4 Selectively Excluding Data 36.2.5 Changing the Hypothesis After Observing the Results 36.2.6 Falsifying and Fabricating Data 36.3 The Consequences of QRPs for Scientific Findings 36.4 Unique Challenges when Using Existing Data 36.5 Preregistration as a Tool to Protect the Reliability of Scientific Findings 36.6 Is Preregistration Necessary for Analyses on Existing Data? Exploratory and Confirmatory Studies 36.7 What and How to Preregister: Preregistration Templates and Repositories 36.8 Limitations and Critiques of Preregistration 36.9 Closing Remarks and Future Perspectives References 37: Preregistration in Animal Research 37.1 Causes for Questionable Quality of Biomedical Research 37.1.1 Basic Methodological Principles 37.1.2 Manipulation of Hypotheses and Statistics 37.1.3 Poor Reporting of Results and Methods 37.1.4 Publish or Perish 37.2 The Ethical Challenge for Animal Research 37.2.1 Waste of Animal Lives 37.3 Preregistration of Animal Research 37.3.1 Experience with Clinical Protocols 37.4 Preregistration in animalstudyregistry.org 37.5 The Future of Preregistration in Biomedical Research References 38: Plagiarism in Philosophy Research 38.1 Introduction 38.1.1 Pseudonyms 38.2 Why Plagiarism Is a Form of Research Misconduct 38.2.1 Repeat Offenders 38.3 Disguised Forms of Plagiarism 38.4 Inaction by Editors and Publishers 38.4.1 Editor Negligence 38.4.2 Long-Term Consequences 38.5 Ambiguous Corrections 38.6 Unfitting Corrections 38.6.1 The Irreplaceable Role of Whistleblowers 38.7 Institutional Conflicts 38.7.1 Academic Research Integrity Committees 38.7.2 Institutional Self-Preservation 38.8 Retractions that Fail to Retract 38.8.1 Ineffective Retractions 38.9 Modelling the Sciences 38.10 Conclusion References 39: Scientific Articles Retracted for Misconduct or Fraud in the Dental Literature 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Reasons for Retraction 39.3 The Field of Dentistry 39.4 Implantology and Oral Pathology 39.5 Repeat Offenders 39.6 Background Problems References 40: Retraction of Scientific Papers: Types of Retraction, Consequences, and Impacts 40.1 Introduction 40.1.1 Underlying Causes 40.2 The Retraction Process: Peer Review, Editorial Board Scrutiny, Notes of Concern, Publication Retraction 40.2.1 Review Exempted Articles 40.2.2 Non-fraudulent Problems 40.2.3 Pre-retraction Interventions 40.3 Reasons for Retraction 40.3.1 Immediate and Delayed Repercussions 40.4 Frequency of Retractions: Honest Error and Misconduct 40.5 The Case of Andrew Wakefield (and Others) 40.5.1 The COVID-19 Pandemic 40.6 How Authors and Institutions Face Retractions? 40.6.1 Academic Sanctions 40.7 Are Papers Still Being Cited After Their Retraction? 40.7.1 The Long Life of Retracted Publications 40.7.2 The Role of Self-Citations 40.8 Proposals to Track Retractions and Avoid Citations 40.8.1 Heterogeneous Standards References 41: The Role of Peer Review in the Scientific Process 41.1 Ethical and Scientific Importance of Peer Review 41.1.1 The Heavy Burden of Reviewing 41.2 Peer Review Process 41.2.1 Open Vs. Blinded Review 41.3 Reviewer Bias 41.3.1 The ``Before´´ Stage 41.3.2 The ``During´´ Stage 41.3.3 The ``After´´ Stage 41.4 Conflict of Interest (COI) 41.4.1 Hasty or Faulty Assessment 41.5 Most Common Reasons for Manuscript Rejection 41.5.1 Streamlining Writing Practices 41.6 Author Fraud and Scientific Misconduct References 42: Citation Misuses in the Biomedical Literature and Its Effects on Public Health 42.1 Introduction 42.1.1 Citation-Triggered Myths 42.2 Citation Biases 42.2.1 Meta Analyses 42.3 Quotation Distortions 42.3.1 Systematic Reviews 42.4 Consequences for Public Health: The Opioid Crisis 42.5 The Epidemic of Major Depressive Disorder: The Medicalization of Sadness 42.5.1 Clinical Success of Antidepressant Drugs 42.6 The Promotion of Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID-19 42.6.1 Misrepresentation Cascade 42.7 Conclusion References 43: Understanding Ghostwriting and Ghost Authorship As Problems of Research Integrity 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Th Foreword Preface Additional Reading Contents Part I: Introduction 1: Past and Current Status of Scientific, Academic, and Research Fraud 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Variants of Fraud and Misconduct 1.3 Integrity in Scientific Publication 1.4 Retractions in the Past 1.5 Do ``Honest Mistakes ́ ́ Exist? 1.6 How Should Fraud Be Managed? References 2: Research Integrity: The Roles of Academicians, Their Institutions, and Other Agencies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Prevention and Treatment of Academic Fraud 2.3 Collaborations of Academician and Academic Institutions with Medical Journals 2.4 Collaborations of Academicians and Academic Institutions with the Press 2.5 Collaborations of Academicians and Academic Institutions with Industry 2.6 Missed Opportunities at Two Outstanding US Academic Institutions 2.7 Conclusions References 3: Indictment or Information Can Lie: Post-Truth in Science 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Historical Roots of Fake News and Misinformation 3.3 The Origins of Post-Truth 3.4 The Effect of Post-Truth on Science and Medicine 3.4.1 The Environmental Cost of Misinformation 3.4.2 Conspiratorial Beliefs of Anti-vaccination 3.4.2.1 The Role of the Social Media 3.4.3 The Infodemic on COVID-19 3.4.3.1 Unproven Therapeutic Protocols 3.5 A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach to Post-Truth 3.5.1 New Channels and Messages References 4: Legislation on Research Misconduct: Rationales and Reflections-A Swedish Perspective 4.1 Introduction: The Macchiarini Case 4.1.1 Personal Experience 4.2 Macchiarini ́s Legacy: New Legislation on Research Misconduct Box 4.1 Key Items in the Swedish Act on Research Misconduct [29] 4.2.1 Limited Scope 4.3 The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct 4.3.1 Ongoing Impact 4.4 Penalties Are Not Included 4.4.1 Applicability of Ordinary Legislation 4.4.2 Incarceration for Ethical Failures 4.4.3 Professional Versus Criminal Sanctions 4.4.4 Psychological Profile 4.4.5 High Rollers 4.5 Prevention: How Can Universities and Journals Contribute? 4.5.1 Zero Tolerance Culture 4.5.2 The Role of Journals 4.5.2.1 Will Scientific Journals Report Suspected Cases of Research Misconduct to the New Board? 4.6 Whistleblowing, a High-Risk Undertaking, Now with Improved Legal Protection 4.6.1 The Sudbø Affair 4.6.2 Hans Eysenck 4.6.3 The Hostile Atmosphere Against Whistleblowing Box 4.2 Main Points in the EU Whistleblower ProtectionDirective Applied to National Legislation as Proposed by a Swedish Gover... 4.7 Future Directions 4.7.1 Statistical Analyses to Detect Research Misconduct 4.7.2 Disclosure of Image Duplication and Manipulation References Part II: Accountability of Scientific Teams 5: Publishing, Perishing, and the Infodemic of Fake Science 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Shaky Science for Everyday Life 5.2.1 Science Publishing and Assessment 5.3 Publication Weaknesses 5.4 The Epidemic of Predatory Journals 5.5 Trustworthy Journal Classification 5.6 Self-Correcting Science? 5.6.1 Science Through the Media 5.7 The Pervasive Invasion of Electronic Media 5.8 Illusory Truths 5.9 Reputable and Traditional Guidance 5.10 User Engagement Tricks 5.11 Trolls and Bots 5.11.1 Knowledge Deficit Solutions 5.12 Science Literacy Pitfalls 5.13 Engagement Models 5.14 Ongoing Pitfalls 5.15 Shared Initiatives 5.15.1 Framing the Story of Science 5.16 To Win, Understand Your Enemy 5.17 Persuasive Language: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos 5.18 Immediacy and Personal Relevance 5.19 Institutional Commitment References 6: Policies and Ethical Challenges in Social Science Research 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Core Values of Research 6.2.1 Scientific Misconduct 6.2.1.1 A Protean Question 6.3 Understanding Scientific Misconduct in Social Sciences 6.3.1 Falsification 6.3.2 Fabrication 6.3.3 Plagiarism 6.4 Some Ethical Challenges to Social Research 6.4.1 Influence of Bias 6.4.2 Scientific Validity 6.4.3 Maintaining Methodological Rigor 6.4.4 Reactive Nature of Field Research 6.4.5 Ethical Protection of Participants 6.4.5.1 Ethical Repercussions on the Investigator 6.5 Measures in Place to Address Scientific Misconduct 6.5.1 Institutional Review Board (IRB) 6.5.2 Training 6.5.3 Peer Review 6.6 Concluding Remarks References 7: Pseudoscience During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-science 7.3 The Pseudoscientification of Science 7.3.1 Hydroxychloroquine 7.3.2 Plasma Transfusions 7.3.3 Remdesivir 7.3.4 Povidone-Iodine Disinfectant 7.3.5 Further Events 7.4 The Structural Problem of Science 7.4.1 Preprint and Mass Publication Culture 7.4.2 Press Releases of Research Results 7.4.3 Drug Approval System in Crisis 7.5 Conclusion and Implications References Part III: Research Ethics 8: Lysenkoism: A Fine Line Between Formation of Scientific News and Disinformation 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Fundamentals of the New Biology 8.1.2 Politicization of Science 8.2 Lysenkoism and Michurinism 8.3 The Main Components of Lysenkoism, Their Implementation, and Social Consequences 8.3.1 Vernalization 8.3.2 Food for the Masses and Execration for Scientists 8.3.3 Creative Darwinism and Close Planting 8.3.4 Spontaneous Generation 8.4 Lysenkoism in Poland 8.4.1 Proclamation and Implementation 8.4.2 Genesis: Internal Factors 8.4.3 The New Biology in Zoology 8.5 Conclusions References Primary Sources Secondary Sources 9: Misconduct and Consent: The Importance of Informed Consent in Medical Research 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Background to Informed Consent 9.2.1 The History of Informed Consent 9.2.2 Historic Consent Litigations in Medical Care 9.2.3 Breaches of the Consent Principle in Scientific Research 9.3 The Definition of Informed Consent 9.4 Types of Consent and Their Collection 9.5 Recent Advances and Their Effect on Consent Collection 9.5.1 Broad and ``Opt-Out ́ ́ Consent 9.6 Examples of Misconduct in Informed Consent 9.7 New Perspectives References 10: Research Biobanks and External Researchers Under the European General Data Protection Regulation: Between Controller-Proce... 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Commercial, Scientific, and Public Health Implications 10.1.2 Managing and Operative Roles 10.2 Data Protection in Research Biobanks: Exemptions and Safeguards 10.2.1 Rules for Sensitive Data 10.2.2 Rightful Disclosures and Protections to Biobank Participants 10.2.3 Scientific Research Exemptions 10.2.4 Conflicting Interests of Biobank Stakeholders and External Parties 10.2.5 Supervising Biobank Access 10.2.6 Transfer Agreements 10.3 Research Biobanks as Controllers or Processors 10.3.1 External Data Processing 10.3.2 Privacy Protection at All Levels 10.3.3 Hefty Financial Punishments 10.4 Controller-Processor Relationship 10.5 Joint Controllership 10.5.1 External Collaborations References 11: Research Involving Human Participants and Their Biological Material: A South African Perspective 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Legal Framework Governing the Use and Transfer of Human Biological Material 11.2.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 [12] 11.2.2 National Health Act 61 of 2003 [16] 11.2.2.1 Cadaver Tissue 11.2.2.2 The Health Research Ethics Committee 11.2.2.3 Informed Consent and Assent 11.2.3 Regulations Promulgated Under the National Health Act 11.2.3.1 Tissue Banks vs. Biobanks 11.2.3.2 Participant Co-ownership of the Results and Intellectual Rights 11.2.3.3 Compensation for Damages 11.2.3.4 Participant Rights in Case of Exported Samples 11.3 Standard Material Transfer Agreement for Human Biological Materials (SNMTA) 11.3.1 Institutional Responsibilities and Donor Rights 11.3.2 Benefit-Sharing vs. Financial Benefits 11.3.3 Consent for Primary vs. Secondary Use of Biomaterials 11.3.4 Legal Conflicts 11.3.5 Intellectual Property Rights References Journal Articles Statutes and Regulations South Africa United Kingdom Websites (Organisations) Part IV: Research Misconduct 12: Ethical and Legal Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Imaging Diagnosis 12.3 Legal and Ethical Risks of Using AI 12.4 Possible Preventive and Corrective Interventions 12.4.1 Autonomy and Data Privacy 12.4.1.1 Clinical Research and Modalities of Informed Consent 12.4.1.2 Stakeholders 12.4.1.3 Confidentiality Risks 12.4.1.4 Federated Learning (FL) 12.4.2 Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice 12.4.2.1 Continuous Self-Learning Algorithms 12.4.2.2 Commercial and Other Nonscientific Applications 12.4.3 Transparency and Accountability 12.4.3.1 Major Disasters 12.4.3.2 Challenges and Competitions 12.5 AI Ethical Codes 12.5.1 Regulatory Procedures 12.5.2 AI Applications in Radiology 12.5.3 Guidelines Concerning AI Research 12.6 Future Perspectives References 13: Typhoid Fever as a Biological Nazi Weapon in the Terezin Jewish Ghetto 13.1 Introduction 13.2 A Model Concentration Camp 13.3 Living Conditions and Health Troubles 13.4 Healthcare Facilities 13.5 The Small Fortress Prison 13.6 Female Prisoners 13.7 Epidemic Typhus in Terezin 13.8 Jewish Guilt 13.9 Endemic Louse-Borne Diseases 13.10 Other Jewish Ghettos 13.11 The End of the War Calamity 13.12 The 11th Hour ``Death Transports ́ ́ 13.13 Purposeful Introduction of the Epidemic 13.14 Scorched Earth Policy 13.15 Rescue of the Survivors References 14: Fraud, Misconduct, and Unethical Practices in Biomedical Research in China 14.1 The Concept of Research Misconduct in China 14.2 Unethical Practices vs. Research Misconduct 14.3 The Hanxin Digital Computer Chip Production 14.4 Clinical Trials of Golden Rice 14.5 Critical Analysis of the Trial 14.6 Unproven and Unregulated Stem Cell Therapy 14.7 Head-to-Body Transplantation 14.8 He Jiankui Incident 14.9 Paper Mill 14.10 General Underlying Mechanisms 14.10.1 Conflict of Interest 14.11 Perverse Incentives by the Government or Local Agencies: The Han Case 14.12 Failure of Self-Discipline Alone 14.13 Regulatory Gap 14.14 Incompetence of Supervising Bodies 14.15 Ethics Dumping References 15: Misrepresentation of Scientific Figures 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Scientific Publications 15.2 Fraud 15.2.1 Manipulated Images 15.2.2 The Role of Whistleblowers 15.2.3 Rule of Thumb 15.2.4 Data Collision 15.2.5 Conflicting Scientific Approaches 15.3 Honest Errors 15.3.1 Sloppy Statistics 15.3.2 Article Checklists 15.3.3 Publication Loopholes 15.3.4 Overlooked or Neglected Guidelines 15.4 Scientific Misrepresentation 15.5 Misinterpretation of Conclusions 15.5.1 The Relevance of Hindsight 15.6 Tactics for Misrepresentation 15.6.1 Endpoints 15.6.2 HARKing 15.6.3 P-Hacking 15.6.4 Preregistration of Scientific Protocols References Part V: Academic Institutions 16: Myths About Race and Racism on University Campuses 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Myth 1: The Right to Academic Freedom 16.3 Myth 2: Racial Microaggressions and Systemic Racism Do Not Exist Here 16.4 Myth 3: Tokenism and Inclusion Are the Same Thing 16.5 Myth 4: Psychedelic Communities Have Transcended Racism 16.6 Conclusion References 17: Harassment as Scientific Misconduct 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 Harassment vs Misconduct 17.1.2 The Scientific Integrity Environment 17.2 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and Academia 17.2.1 Definitions and Factors Contributing to Sexual Harassment 17.2.1.1 Indifference to Abuse 17.2.1.2 Fierce Challenges to Success 17.2.2 Prevalence and Impacts of Harassment 17.2.2.1 Junior Personnel 17.2.2.2 A Wide Range of Consequences 17.2.2.3 Professional Repercussions 17.2.2.4 Disproportionate Impacts 17.3 Ethical Perspectives on Harassment, Bullying, and Discrimination 17.3.1 History of Research Misconduct Definition 17.3.2 Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Damage Scientific Integrity 17.3.2.1 Discrimination 17.3.2.2 Broader Definitions 17.3.2.3 Recent Initiatives 17.3.3 Redefining Research Misconduct to Include Harassment and Discrimination 17.3.3.1 An Ethical Framework 17.3.3.2 Long-Term Abusive Profile 17.4 Preventive and Corrective Policies and Strategies 17.4.1 A Scientific Integrity Net 17.4.2 Role of Professional Associations 17.4.2.1 Case Study from the Earth and Space Sciences 17.4.3 Changes in Academia and the Workplace 17.4.3.1 Ethical Climate 17.4.3.2 Opposition to Change 17.4.3.3 Further Initiatives in the Earth and Space Sciences 17.4.4 Role of Funding Agencies and Foundations 17.4.4.1 Support for Those Victimized 17.5 Conclusions References 18: Sexual Harassment in Orthopedic Training: Personal Perspectives and Outlooks for the Future 18.1 Background 18.2 Harassment in Orthopedic Surgery 18.3 Perpetrators: Superiors, Support Staff, and Patients 18.4 Gender Harassment: The Ultimate Burden? 18.5 Special Considerations 18.6 Solutions: Response and Responsibility 18.7 Endgame: Creating a Culture of Intolerance References 19: Institutional-Level Tracking to Combat Mistreatment of Medical Students, Residents, and Fellows 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Students 19.1.2 Residency and Fellowship 19.1.3 Gender-Specific Problems 19.1.4 Racial and Ethnic Minorities 19.1.5 Long-Lasting Consequences 19.1.6 The Benefits of Diversity 19.2 Types of Mistreatment 19.2.1 Microaggression 19.2.2 Sexual Harassment 19.2.3 Humiliation and Shame 19.2.4 Threatened with Physical Harm or Otherwise Intimidated 19.3 Current Tools to Track Mistreatment 19.3.1 Culture Survey 19.3.2 Climate Survey 19.3.3 AAMC and ACGME Survey 19.3.3.1 Mistreatment Survey 19.3.4 Focus Group 19.3.5 Individual Reporting 19.4 Preventing, Addressing, and Mitigating Mistreatment 19.4.1 Actionable and Consequential Code of Conduct 19.4.2 Bystander Training 19.4.3 Meaningful and Accessible Individual Reporting System 19.4.4 Victim Support Services 19.4.5 Implicit Bias Training 19.4.6 External Review for High-Stakes Evaluations 19.4.7 Restorative Justice Mechanisms Box 19.1 Employing restorative justice [42] 19.5 Proposed Framework Box 19.2 Who should take responsibility to address mistreatment? 19.5.1 Coordinated and Harmonious Organizational Oversight 19.6 Determining How to Intervene 19.6.1 Sexual Harassment 19.6.2 The Cycle of Abuse Box 19.3 Putting it all together References Part VI: Sensationalistic Science 20: Misleading Research of So-Called Alternative Medicine 20.1 Introduction 20.2 SCAM Enthusiasts Are Less than Enthusiastic About Rigorous Research 20.3 Experience Is Not Evidence 20.4 Clinical Trials 20.5 The Quantity of Research into SCAM 20.6 The Quality of Research into SCAM 20.7 Problems Encountered When Conducting SCAM Research 20.8 SCAM Researchers Might Be the Biggest Problem of Them All 20.8.1 Unbiased Protocols 20.9 The Safety of SCAM 20.10 Proving the Ineffectiveness of SCAM 20.10.1 Evidence-Based Therapy References 21: False Information and Mandatory Pediatric Vaccination 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Origins of Myths About Vaccination Consequences 21.3 The Role of Internet and Social Media 21.3.1 Dangerous Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence 21.4 Vaccine Hesitancy 21.4.1 The ``3 Cs ́ ́ Theory 21.4.2 The Five Steps of Vaccination Hesitancy 21.5 Conspiracy Beliefs 21.5.1 Fake News, Bots, and Trolls 21.6 Is the Risk-Benefit Ratio of Vaccines Nowadays Positive? 21.6.1 Herd Immunity 21.6.2 Infection Elimination 21.7 Should Vaccination Be Mandatory? 21.7.1 Ethical Conflicts 21.7.2 Multi-pronged Approach 21.8 How to Promote Effective Knowledge 21.8.1 Advertising Resources 21.9 Ongoing Debates and Future Perspectives References Part VII: Clinical Trials 22: Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects 22.1 LSD: A Dangerous Hallucinogenic Agent or a Tool for Brain Investigation? 22.2 Ethical and Regulatory Constraints 22.3 Political Aspects, Episodes of Fraud and Misconduct 22.4 Future Perspectives 22.5 Ethical Guidelines for Future Research and Clinical Use 22.6 Conclusion References 23: Controversies with Clinical Trial Regulations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Advantages of Conducting Trials in Nontraditional Countries 23.2.1 For Trial Sponsors 23.2.2 For Host Countries 23.2.3 Ethical Controversies 23.2.4 Regulatory Controversies 23.2.5 Knowledge Transfer Pitfalls 23.3 Nontransparent Research, Fraud, and Misconduct 23.4 Future Perspectives References 24: Dangers of FDA Oversight of Clinical Trials in Developing Countries 24.1 Introduction and Background 24.2 Current Trends in the Geographical Migration of Clinical Trial Sites 24.3 Market Forces Driving International Migration of Clinical Trials 24.3.1 Cheaper Labor Costs 24.3.2 Faster Enrollment Rates 24.3.2.1 Financial Incentives 24.3.2.2 Participant Protection 24.3.2.3 Intellectual Restrictions 24.3.2.4 Access to Legal Assistance 24.3.3 FDA Rules Create Loopholes for Research Conducted in Developing Countries 24.3.3.1 Discarded or Mishandled Trials 24.3.4 The FDA Cannot Inspect Foreign Sites Like They Should 24.3.4.1 Expenses and Logistics of Inspection 24.3.4.2 Reduced Timeframe 24.3.4.3 Good Manufacturing Practices 24.4 Specific Examples of Clinical Trial Issues Overseas 24.4.1 World Health Organization/WHO and European Medicines Agency/EMA Inspections 24.4.2 Other International Examples 24.4.3 Overlooked Questionable Research Practices 24.4.4 Better Outcomes 24.5 Future Perspectives 24.5.1 Regular, Systematic Inspections References 25: Current Status of Research with Brain Organoids 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Should Brain Organoids Be Regarded as Small Human Brains? 25.2.1 Are Organoids Moral Structures? 25.2.2 Are Artificially Created Organoids Sufficiently ``Human ́ ́? 25.2.3 Stretching of the Limits of Ethical Acceptability 25.2.4 Gene Engineering Procedures 25.2.5 Moral Status, the Critical Threshold 25.2.6 Can Organoids Become Active Parts of Human Beings? 25.3 Ethical Oversight in Human-Animal Chimeric Research 25.3.1 Conventional Ethical Restraints Only 25.3.2 Specific Ethical Rules Minimized or Overlooked 25.3.3 Delicate Questions Concerning Human-Animal Chimeras 25.4 Fake News and Sensationalization 25.4.1 Neanderthal Mini-brains 25.4.2 Brain-Machine Hybrids and Plane Thinking 25.4.3 Resurrection 25.4.4 Man and Non-human Primates 25.4.5 There Is Method in Misinformation Madness References 26: Ending Clinical Trials Prematurely 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Problems with Randomized Controlled Trials 26.3 Ethical Issues in Randomized Controlled Trials 26.3.1 Demographic and Nocebo-Related Events 26.3.2 Ethical and Moral Controversies of the Comparison Condition 26.4 The Role of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards 26.4.1 Current Relevance of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards 26.4.2 Adverse Events 26.4.3 Futility Concerns 26.4.4 Unquestionable Advantage of the Intervention 26.5 Statistical Issues with Interim Analyses 26.5.1 Alpha-Spending Rules 26.6 Stopping Trials Because of Futility 26.6.1 Problems with Early Termination 26.7 Stopping Trials Because of Benefit 26.7.1 Controversies Regarding Clear-Cut Benefit 26.8 Why Prematurely Stopped Trials May Overestimate the True Effect 26.9 Other Problems Due to Terminating Prematurely for Benefit 26.9.1 Late or Incompletely Reported Events 26.10 Guidelines for Stopping Trials Prematurely 26.11 Does Early Termination Constitute Misconduct or Fraud? 26.11.1 Questionable Research Practices References Part VIII: Corruption and Impropriety in the Healthcare Environment 27: Curtailing Corruption in the Recruitment of Public Sector Health Workers in Uganda 27.1 Historical Background 27.2 Transparent Recruitment 27.2.1 Common Corrupt Practices 27.3 Political, Policy and Governance Context 27.3.1 Corruption and Misappropriation of Funds 27.3.2 Nepotism and Political Patronage 27.3.3 `Rent Seeking ́ Practices 27.3.4 Wage Bill Constraints 27.3.5 Delays in Accessing the Local Government Payroll 27.4 Discussion 27.4.1 Mitigating Measures 27.4.2 External Monitors References 28: Legal and Regulatory Issues in Selfie Telemedicine 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Patient- or Person-Generated Health Data (PGHD) 28.2.1 Internet of Things Healthcare Systems 28.3 Selfie 28.4 Telemedicine 28.4.1 Remote Monitoring 28.4.2 Old and New Phone Applications 28.5 Selfie: Person-Generated Health Data-Telemedicine 28.6 Telemedicine: The Ethical Issues 28.7 Telemedicine Legislation 28.7.1 Jurisdiction 28.7.2 Liability 28.7.3 Licensure 28.8 Doctor-Patient Relationship 28.8.1 Selfie Telemedicine and the Doctor-Patient Relationship 28.9 Consent 28.9.1 Conventional Precautions 28.9.2 Consent and Selfie Telemedicine 28.10 Authentication 28.10.1 Recent Recommendations 28.10.2 Authentication and Selfie Telemedicine 28.11 Privacy, Data Security, Data Storage, and Record-Keeping 28.11.1 Selfie Telemedicine 28.12 Quality of Care and Standards of Practice 28.12.1 Selfie Telemedicine 28.13 Continuity and Duty of Care 28.13.1 Selfie Telemedicine 28.14 Justice 28.14.1 Disadvantaged Populations 28.15 Mobile Phone Apps: Regulation 28.15.1 International Standards 28.16 A Model for Fraud 28.16.1 Selfie Relevant Examples 28.17 Apps and Fraud 28.18 (Selfie) Telemedicine and Fraud 28.18.1 Patient Transparency and Honesty 28.19 The Future of Selfie Telemedicine References 29: Healing the Healers: Addressing Moral Injury in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 29.1 What Is Moral Injury? 29.1.1 The Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) 29.2 Effects and Outcomes of Moral Injury 29.3 Moral Injury and PTSD 29.3.1 Nosological Classification 29.3.2 Frequent Overlap with PTSD 29.3.3 Unique Contexts 29.4 Moral Injury in Service Members 29.4.1 The Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS) 29.4.2 Mental Health and Quality of Life 29.5 Moral Injury in Civilians 29.5.1 Press Correspondents 29.5.2 Forces of Order in the Civil Environment 29.5.3 Social Workers and Child Protective Services (CPS) 29.5.4 Community Educators 29.6 Moral Injury in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 29.6.1 Overwhelming Public Health Challenges 29.6.2 Healthcare Worker ``Burnout ́ ́ 29.6.3 Life and Death Decisions 29.6.4 Contaminated Professionals 29.6.5 Birth Time Conflicts 29.6.6 Remedial Interventions 29.6.7 External Help References 30: Is Multi-level Marketing of Nutrition Supplements Questionable? 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Multi-level Marketing (MLM) 30.2.1 Health Advisors 30.2.2 Legal and Ethical Questions 30.3 Major Corporations 30.4 The Danger of Pyramid Schemes 30.4.1 No Company Employees 30.5 Multi-level vs. Pyramid Models 30.6 Compulsory Purchasing 30.6.1 Health Claims 30.6.2 Company and Product Profiles 30.7 Product Misrepresentation 30.8 Involved Healthcare Professionals 30.9 Beneficence and Professional Integrity 30.10 Nonmaleficence 30.10.1 Healthcare Professionals Advertising Supplements References 31: Euthanasia Not On Trial: The Career of an Austrian Nazi Doctor After 1945 31.1 Introduction and Background 31.1.1 A Chilling Personal Experience 31.1.2 Academic Focus 31.2 CV of a Villain 31.2.1 Illegal Neurological Biorepository 31.2.2 Post-War Activities 31.2.3 Neuropsychiatric Specialist and Prestigious Investigator 31.2.4 Journal Editor and Prize-Winning Scientist 31.2.5 Time for Reckoning 31.2.6 Unpunished Malfeasance 31.3 The Survivors ́ Literary Testimonies 31.3.1 The Odyssey of Kaufmann 31.3.2 The Pains of Zawrel 31.3.3 The ``Education ́ ́ of Johann Gross 31.3.4 It Is Not Theoretical, It Is Human Beings 31.3.5 Unworthy to Live 31.3.6 Anatomy of a Murderous Clinical Trial 31.3.7 Unethical Immoral Clique 31.3.8 Inhumanity Is Everywhere 31.3.9 Final Remarks References Part IX: Science and the Internet 32: Curbside Consultations in Pediatric Dermatology: Risks and Benefits 32.1 Introduction 32.1.1 Informal Information and Care 32.1.2 The Many Faces of Informality 32.1.3 Hazy Limits 32.2 Benefits of Curbside Consultation 32.2.1 Improving the Carbon Footprint 32.2.2 Convenience/Cost 32.2.3 Improved Patient Care and Provider Education 32.2.4 Collegiality 32.3 Risks of Curbside Consultation 32.3.1 Fear of Incomplete or Inaccurate Advice 32.3.2 Inefficiency/Burnout/Loss of Income 32.3.3 The Shadow Clinic 32.3.4 Lack of Financial Compensation 32.4 Ethical and Legal Concerns: Privacy and Liability 32.4.1 Informed Consent 32.4.2 Specific Consent 32.4.3 Transmission and Storage 32.4.4 Medicolegal Liability 32.4.5 Physician-Patient Relationship 32.4.6 Disparity in Access 32.5 Future Directions 32.5.1 The Telemedicine Impact 32.5.2 Documented and In-Depth Assessment 32.5.3 Not a Panacea 32.5.4 Guidelines for Curbside Dos and Don ́ts References 33: Social Media and How to Overcome Fake News in Health 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Social Media and Fake News in Health 33.2.1 Conspiracy Theories 33.2.2 Mixed Contents 33.3 Strategies for Overcoming Fake News in Health 33.3.1 Infodemic Response Checklist 33.3.2 Quality Media Coverage 33.3.3 National Risk Communication Plan 33.3.4 Interdisciplinary Research 33.4 Sharing Evidence of Social Impact for Overcoming Fake News References 34: Cyberbullying in the University Setting 34.1 Types of Cyberbullying: Harassment, Threats, False Profiles, Insulting, Blackmailing, and Other Modalities 34.1.1 Classification of Principal Modalities 34.1.2 Most Commonly Employed Technologies 34.2 Cyberbullying Targets: Students, Professors, and Researchers? 34.2.1 Cyberbullying Among University Students 34.2.2 Physical, Social, Emotional, and Academic Repercussions 34.2.3 Cyberbullying from Student to University Professor 34.2.4 Impact on the Targeted Professor 34.3 Are There Professionals or Organizations Behind Cyberbullying? 34.4 Can Colleagues or Competitors Be Involved? 34.5 Are Universities Prepared to Deal with This Problem? 34.6 Recommended Preventive Measures References 35: Categories of Fake News from the Perspective of Social Harmfulness 35.1 Introduction 35.2 What Is Fake News? 35.3 Social Harmfulness as an Element of Crime 35.3.1 Excusable Violations 35.4 Social Harmfulness in the Dissemination of Fake News 35.4.1 Lions on the Streets 35.4.2 Fraudulent Crowd Funding 35.5 Conclusions References Part X: The Ethics of Publications 36: Preregistration of Studies with Existing Data 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Threats to the Validity of Scientific Inferences: Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) 36.2.1 Not Reporting All Collected Variables 36.2.2 Failing to Report All Conditions 36.2.3 Interim Analyses and Selectively Stopping Data Collection 36.2.4 Selectively Excluding Data 36.2.5 Changing the Hypothesis After Observing the Results 36.2.6 Falsifying and Fabricating Data 36.3 The Consequences of QRPs for Scientific Findings 36.4 Unique Challenges when Using Existing Data 36.5 Preregistration as a Tool to Protect the Reliability of Scientific Findings 36.6 Is Preregistration Necessary for Analyses on Existing Data? Exploratory and Confirmatory Studies 36.7 What and How to Preregister: Preregistration Templates and Repositories 36.8 Limitations and Critiques of Preregistration 36.9 Closing Remarks and Future Perspectives References 37: Preregistration in Animal Research 37.1 Causes for Questionable Quality of Biomedical Research 37.1.1 Basic Methodological Principles 37.1.2 Manipulation of Hypotheses and Statistics 37.1.3 Poor Reporting of Results and Methods 37.1.4 Publish or Perish 37.2 The Ethical Challenge for Animal Research 37.2.1 Waste of Animal Lives 37.3 Preregistration of Animal Research 37.3.1 Experience with Clinical Protocols 37.4 Preregistration in animalstudyregistry.org 37.5 The Future of Preregistration in Biomedical Research References 38: Plagiarism in Philosophy Research 38.1 Introduction 38.1.1 Pseudonyms 38.2 Why Plagiarism Is a Form of Research Misconduct 38.2.1 Repeat Offenders 38.3 Disguised Forms of Plagiarism 38.4 Inaction by Editors and Publishers 38.4.1 Editor Negligence 38.4.2 Long-Term Consequences 38.5 Ambiguous Corrections 38.6 Unfitting Corrections 38.6.1 The Irreplaceable Role of Whistleblowers 38.7 Institutional Conflicts 38.7.1 Academic Research Integrity Committees 38.7.2 Institutional Self-Preservation 38.8 Retractions that Fail to Retract 38.8.1 Ineffective Retractions 38.9 Modelling the Sciences 38.10 Conclusion References 39: Scientific Articles Retracted for Misconduct or Fraud in the Dental Literature 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Reasons for Retraction 39.3 The Field of Dentistry 39.4 Implantology and Oral Pathology 39.5 Repeat Offenders 39.6 Background Problems References 40: Retraction of Scientific Papers: Types of Retraction, Consequences, and Impacts 40.1 Introduction 40.1.1 Underlying Causes 40.2 The Retraction Process: Peer Review, Editorial Board Scrutiny, Notes of Concern, Publication Retraction 40.2.1 Review Exempted Articles 40.2.2 Non-fraudulent Problems 40.2.3 Pre-retraction Interventions 40.3 Reasons for Retraction 40.3.1 Immediate and Delayed Repercussions 40.4 Frequency of Retractions: Honest Error and Misconduct 40.5 The Case of Andrew Wakefield (and Others) 40.5.1 The COVID-19 Pandemic 40.6 How Authors and Institutions Face Retractions? 40.6.1 Academic Sanctions 40.7 Are Papers Still Being Cited After Their Retraction? 40.7.1 The Long Life of Retracted Publications 40.7.2 The Role of Self-Citations 40.8 Proposals to Track Retractions and Avoid Citations 40.8.1 Heterogeneous Standards References 41: The Role of Peer Review in the Scientific Process 41.1 Ethical and Scientific Importance of Peer Review 41.1.1 The Heavy Burden of Reviewing 41.2 Peer Review Process 41.2.1 Open Vs. Blinded Review 41.3 Reviewer Bias 41.3.1 The ``Before ́ ́ Stage 41.3.2 The ``During ́ ́ Stage 41.3.3 The ``After ́ ́ Stage 41.4 Conflict of Interest (COI) 41.4.1 Hasty or Faulty Assessment 41.5 Most Common Reasons for Manuscript Rejection 41.5.1 Streamlining Writing Practices 41.6 Author Fraud and Scientific Misconduct References 42: Citation Misuses in the Biomedical Literature and Its Effects on Public Health 42.1 Introduction 42.1.1 Citation-Triggered Myths 42.2 Citation Biases 42.2.1 Meta Analyses 42.3 Quotation Distortions 42.3.1 Systematic Reviews 42.4 Consequences for Public Health: The Opioid Crisis 42.5 The Epidemic of Major Depressive Disorder: The Medicalization of Sadness 42.5.1 Clinical Success of Antidepressant Drugs 42.6 The Promotion of Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID-19 42.6.1 Misrepresentation Cascade 42.7 Conclusion References 43: Understanding Ghostwriting and Ghost Authorship As Problems of Research Integrity 4