رویکردهای یکپارچه برای سلامت: پژوهش‌های زیست‌پزشکی، آیورودا و یوگا

Despite spectacular advances, modern medicine faces formidable global challenges in several key areas—notably the persistence of major killer diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and newer threats including HIV/AIDS, resistant infections, and Ebola. As such, modern medicine has not led to a significant decrease in chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and other degenerative and autoimmune diseases. The authors believe that modern medicine needs to experience a paradigm shift, an integration of traditions—in particular from the ancient systems like Ayurveda and Yoga. Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga brings together the basic principles of interdisciplinary systems approach for an evolving construct of future medicine. Such an approach is already emerging at the cutting edge of current research in omics, bioinformatics, computational and systems biology. Several leading institutions of medicine have adopted Yoga and complementary medicine to widen their reach, and deepen effectiveness in therapeutic practices. The amalgam of modern medicine, with its strengths in scientific rigor, blended with the basic principles of life drawn from Ayurveda and Yoga might evolve into a medicine of tomorrow. Integrative approaches are no longer alternative, perhaps taking these approaches is the only possible way to heal our sick planet. This book introduces important trends and tools for biomedical researchers and physicians alike, to innovate the practice of medicine for the better. Contains a harmonious confluence of ancient and modern concepts, historical perspectives, philosophical underpinnings, and a relevant review of literature supported by worldwide case studies. Provides a critical analysis of ancient wisdom, pointing to potential areas for future research, which provide food for thought for public debate on integrative health care for the twenty-first century. Explains Ayurveda knowledge, and its relevance to drug discovery, nutrition, genomics, epigenetics, regenerative biology, longevity and personalized medicine. Shares Yoga knowledge insights, and explains its relevance to body–mind complex relationships, psychology, neurobiology, immunoendocrinology, bioenergetics, consciousness, and cognitive sciences. Offers illustrations and logic diagrams for enhanced understanding of the concepts presented. Front Cover 1 Dedication 3 Integrative Approaches for Health 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 12 MODERN MEDICINE 13 FOREWORD 15 BACK TO INDIA 16 AT THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 17 Preface 20 Acknowledgments 22 About the Cover 24 Chapter 1 - Advocacy for Integration 26 BACKGROUND 26 GLOBAL HEALTH SCENARIO 28 THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 30 DIVERSITY OF CHALLENGES 33 CASE OF THE UNITED STATES 34 CASE OF INDIA 34 ADVANCES IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 36 UNRESOLVED CHALLENGES 39 TRADITIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 41 NONPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES 44 EXPERIENCE AND EVIDENCE: LEARNING TOGETHER 45 INTEGRATIVE HEALTH AND MEDICINE 45 MODERN MEDICINE, AYURVEDA, AND YOGA 47 REFERENCES 49 Chapter 2 - Evolution of Medicine 52 SHAMANIC AND ETHNOMEDICINE 52 PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE 53 PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE 55 SCIENCE IN THE WEST 56 SCIENCE IN THE EAST 57 EASTERN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 61 CHINA 62 JAPAN 63 KOREA 64 TIBET 65 INDIA 65 EVOLUTION OF AYURVEDA AND YOGA 66 SCIENCE AND TRADITIONS 68 MODERN MEDICINE 69 FUTURE APPROACHES 71 REFERENCES 76 Chapter 3 - Concepts of Health and Disease 78 HEALTH AND DISEASE 78 CONCEPT OF DISEASES 79 DISEASE CLASSIFICATION 82 DEFINITION OF HEALTH 84 HEALTH CARE AND MEDICAL CARE 86 DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 87 DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH 89 WHAT IS WELL-BEING? 91 HOLISTIC HEALTH 92 QUALITY OF LIFE 93 ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH 95 HEALTH PROMOTION 96 FROM PUBLIC TO PLANETARY HEALTH 101 REFERENCES 103 Chapter 4 - Evidence-Based Medicine and Ayurveda 104 WHAT IS EVIDENCE? 104 CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS 107 ACCESSING EVIDENCE 109 QUALITY AND LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 110 EBM IN PRACTICE 112 T&CM AND THE COCHRANE APPROACH 112 THE CASE OF HOMEOPATHY 115 PLACEBO AND NOCEBO EFFECTS 117 EVIDENCE FOR YOGA 120 EVIDENCE FOR AYURVEDA 121 CONCEPTS OF EVIDENCE IN AYURVEDA 123 THE NEW EBM 126 HIGH EVIDENCE LOW ETHICS 128 REFERENCES 131 Chapter 5 - Systems Biology and Holistic Concepts 136 THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS TO SYSTEMS APPROACH 136 BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 140 OMICS FOR STUDYING CELLS 142 OPEN SYSTEMS 144 THE EMERGENCE OF SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 145 THE LIVING CELL AS SYSTEM 147 SYSTEMS MEDICINE AND HOLISTIC HEALTH 149 THE EXAMPLE OF DIABETES 152 THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMS MEDICINE 156 THE SYSTEMS APPROACH OF AYURVEDA 157 REFERENCES 162 Chapter 6 - Lifestyle and Behavior 166 THE EPIDEMIC OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES 166 LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION 167 BODY, MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS 168 EMERGING EVIDENCE FROM RESEARCH 170 YOGA AND MEDITATION 172 MINDFULNESS 174 YOGA AND EXERCISE 176 LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE 182 SALUTOGENESIS 184 OIL MASSAGE 189 SPIRITUALITY—BEYOND BEHAVIOR 190 REFERENCES 193 Chapter 7 - Food and Diet 198 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 198 FOOD AND NUTRITION 200 SCIENCE OF NUTRITION AND DIET 201 DIGESTION AND GUT HEALTH 203 DIET THERAPY 206 DIETARY ADVICE 208 NUTRIGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED DIET 210 AYURVEDA CONCEPTS OF NUTRITION 212 DIET, PRAKRITI, AND CHRONOBIOLOGY 219 CALORIE RESTRICTION 220 FASTING AND SPIRITUALITY 221 REFERENCES 222 Chapter 8 - Health Supplements 226 NUTRACEUTICALS AND SUPPLEMENTS 226 NUTRITIONAL AND NONNUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS 228 ANTIOXIDANTS 230 VITAMINS 231 MINERALS 237 LIPIDS, OILS, AND FATS 238 PHYTOCHEMICALS 240 ANTIOXIDANTS AND DISEASE PREVENTION 241 PROBIOTICS 242 DIETARY FIBER 243 HIGH PROFITS—LOW EVIDENCE 244 NUTRITION—NOT IN A CAPSULE 248 REFERENCES 249 Chapter 9 - Drug Discovery and Ayurveda 254 HISTORY OF DRUGS 254 DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS 257 DRUG DISCOVERY IMPASSE 260 WHY ARE DRUGS FAILING? 261 INSPIRATION FROM TRADITIONS 262 REVERSE PHARMACOLOGY 264 PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS 265 CLASSICAL AYURVEDIC FORMULATIONS 266 EVIDENCE-BASED FORMULATIONS 270 INNOVATIVE FORMULATION DISCOVERY 271 NETWORK PHARMACOLOGY 273 FINDINGS FROM TCM 275 INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES 278 REFERENCES 280 Chapter 10 - Longevity, Rejuvenation, and Rasayana 284 LONGEVITY AND HEALTHY AGING 284 POPULATION AGING 285 BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF AGING 286 THE AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF AGING 294 RASAYANA AND STEM CELLS 303 REJUVENATION AND KAYAKALPA 305 EXTENSION OF LIFE SPAN 306 YOGA AND LONGEVITY 309 POTENTIAL AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 311 REFERENCES 313 Chapter 11 - Personalized Approaches for Health 318 CLASSIFYING HUMANS 319 THE SCIENCE OF GENOMICS 325 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND AYURVEDA 331 ASSESSMENT OF PRAKRITI 334 GENETIC BASIS OF PRAKRITI 334 AYUGENOMICS 336 APPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE 337 REFERENCES 341 Chapter 12 - Integrative Approaches for the Future 344 FOUNDATION FOR INTEGRATION 344 BROADER VISION OF INTEGRATION 345 PRINCIPLES FOR INTEGRATION 347 ATTEMPTS AT INTEGRATION 349 MODELS OF INTEGRATION 353 RESPECTING MUTUAL STRENGTHS 355 REFERENCES 357 AYURVEDA AND YOGA—A PRIMER 358 BASIC CONCEPTS 358 INTRODUCTION TO YOGA 362 MAIN TYPES OF YOGA 363 ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS OF YOGA 363 THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF YOGA 365 AYURVEDA AND YOGA 367 FURTHER READING 368 Index 370 Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga, (2015) 383pp. 9780128014349 Content: Front Cover Dedication Integrative Approaches for Health Copyright Contents ABOUT THE AUTHORS MODERN MEDICINE FOREWORD BACK TO INDIA AT THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Preface Acknowledgments About the Cover Chapter 1 -- Advocacy for Integration BACKGROUND GLOBAL HEALTH SCENARIO THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM DIVERSITY OF CHALLENGES CASE OF THE UNITED STATES CASE OF INDIA ADVANCES IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES UNRESOLVED CHALLENGES TRADITIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE NONPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES EXPERIENCE AND EVIDENCE: LEARNING TOGETHER INTEGRATIVE HEALTH AND MEDICINE MODERN MEDICINE, AYURVEDA, AND YOGAREFERENCES Chapter 2 -- Evolution of Medicine SHAMANIC AND ETHNOMEDICINE PHILOSOPHY OF MEDICINE PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE SCIENCE IN THE WEST SCIENCE IN THE EAST EASTERN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE CHINA JAPAN KOREA TIBET INDIA EVOLUTION OF AYURVEDA AND YOGA SCIENCE AND TRADITIONS MODERN MEDICINE FUTURE APPROACHES REFERENCES Chapter 3 -- Concepts of Health and Disease HEALTH AND DISEASE CONCEPT OF DISEASES DISEASE CLASSIFICATION DEFINITION OF HEALTH HEALTH CARE AND MEDICAL CARE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH WHAT IS WELL-BEING? HOLISTIC HEALTHQUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH HEALTH PROMOTION FROM PUBLIC TO PLANETARY HEALTH REFERENCES Chapter 4 -- Evidence-Based Medicine and Ayurveda WHAT IS EVIDENCE? CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS ACCESSING EVIDENCE QUALITY AND LEVELS OF EVIDENCE EBM IN PRACTICE T&CM AND THE COCHRANE APPROACH THE CASE OF HOMEOPATHY PLACEBO AND NOCEBO EFFECTS EVIDENCE FOR YOGA EVIDENCE FOR AYURVEDA CONCEPTS OF EVIDENCE IN AYURVEDA THE NEW EBM HIGH EVIDENCE LOW ETHICS REFERENCES Chapter 5 -- Systems Biology and Holistic Concepts THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS TO SYSTEMS APPROACH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSOMICS FOR STUDYING CELLS OPEN SYSTEMS THE EMERGENCE OF SYSTEMS BIOLOGY THE LIVING CELL AS SYSTEM SYSTEMS MEDICINE AND HOLISTIC HEALTH THE EXAMPLE OF DIABETES THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMS MEDICINE THE SYSTEMS APPROACH OF AYURVEDA REFERENCES Chapter 6 -- Lifestyle and Behavior THE EPIDEMIC OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION BODY, MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS EMERGING EVIDENCE FROM RESEARCH YOGA AND MEDITATION MINDFULNESS YOGA AND EXERCISE LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE SALUTOGENESIS OIL MASSAGE SPIRITUALITY-BEYOND BEHAVIOR REFERENCES Chapter 7 -- Food and Diet HISTORICAL ACCOUNTFOOD AND NUTRITION SCIENCE OF NUTRITION AND DIET DIGESTION AND GUT HEALTH DIET THERAPY DIETARY ADVICE NUTRIGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED DIET AYURVEDA CONCEPTS OF NUTRITION DIET, PRAKRITI, AND CHRONOBIOLOGY CALORIE RESTRICTION FASTING AND SPIRITUALITY REFERENCES Chapter 8 -- Health Supplements NUTRACEUTICALS AND SUPPLEMENTS NUTRITIONAL AND NONNUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS ANTIOXIDANTS VITAMINS MINERALS LIPIDS, OILS, AND FATS PHYTOCHEMICALS ANTIOXIDANTS AND DISEASE PREVENTION PROBIOTICS DIETARY FIBER HIGH PROFITS-LOW EVIDENCE NUTRITION-NOT IN A CAPSULE REFERENCES Chapter 9 -- Drug Discovery and Ayurveda

Despite spectacular advances, modern medicine faces formidable global challenges in several key areas—notably the persistence of major killer diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and newer threats including HIV/AIDS, resistant infections, and Ebola. As such, modern medicine has not led to a significant decrease in chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and other degenerative and autoimmune diseases. The authors believe that modern medicine needs to experience a paradigm shift, an integration of traditions—in particular from the ancient systems like Ayurveda and Yoga.

Integrative Approaches for Health: Biomedical Research, Ayurveda and Yoga brings together the basic principles of interdisciplinary systems approach for an evolving construct of future medicine. Such an approach is already emerging at the cutting edge of current research in omics, bioinformatics, computational and systems biology. Several leading institutions of medicine have adopted Yoga and complementary medicine to widen their reach, and deepen effectiveness in therapeutic practices. The amalgam of modern medicine, with its strengths in scientific rigor, blended with the basic principles of life drawn from Ayurveda and Yoga might evolve into a medicine of tomorrow. Integrative approaches are no longer alternative, perhaps taking these approaches is the only possible way to heal our sick planet. This book introduces important trends and tools for biomedical researchers and physicians alike, to innovate the practice of medicine for the better.

• Contains a harmonious confluence of ancient and modern concepts, historical perspectives, philosophical underpinnings, and a relevant review of literature supported by worldwide case studies.
• Provides a critical analysis of ancient wisdom, pointing to potential areas for future research, which provide food for thought for public debate on integrative health care for the twenty-first century.
• Explains Ayurveda knowledge, and its relevance to drug discovery, nutrition, genomics, epigenetics, regenerative biology, longevity and personalized medicine.
• Shares Yoga knowledge insights, and explains its relevance to body–mind complex relationships, psychology, neurobiology, immunoendocrinology, bioenergetics, consciousness, and cognitive sciences.
• Offers illustrations and logic diagrams for enhanced understanding of the concepts presented.

HOLISTIC HEALTHQUALITY OF LIFE; ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH; HEALTH PROMOTION; FROM PUBLIC TO PLANETARY HEALTH; REFERENCES; Chapter 4 - Evidence-Based Medicine and Ayurveda; WHAT IS EVIDENCE?; CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS; ACCESSING EVIDENCE; QUALITY AND LEVELS OF EVIDENCE; EBM IN PRACTICE; T & CM AND THE COCHRANE APPROACH; THE CASE OF HOMEOPATHY; PLACEBO AND NOCEBO EFFECTS; EVIDENCE FOR YOGA; EVIDENCE FOR AYURVEDA; CONCEPTS OF EVIDENCE IN AYURVEDA; THE NEW EBM; HIGH EVIDENCE LOW ETHICS; REFERENCES; Chapter 5 - Systems Biology and Holistic Concepts; THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS TO SYSTEMS APPROACH Bhushan Patwardhan, Phd, Fams, Interdisciplinary School Of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkind, Pune, India, Gururaj Mutalik, Md, Fams, Jijnyasa Foundation For Education And Reseatrch, Sarasota, Fl, Usa, Girish Tillu, Md, Interdisciplinary School Of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkind, Pune, India. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web.