Integration of WSN into Internet of Things(2021)[Sharma][9781003107521]

The Internet has gone from an Internet of people to an Internet of Things (IoT). This has brought forth strong levels of complexity in handling interoperability that involves the integrating of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) into IoT. This book offers insights into the evolution, usage, challenges, and proposed countermeasures associated with the integration. Focusing on the integration of WSNs into IoT and shedding further light on the subtleties of such integration, this book aims to highlight the encountered problems and provide suitable solutions. It throws light on the various types of threats that can attack both WSNs and IoT along with the recent approaches to counter them. This book is designed to be the first choice of reference at research and development centers, academic institutions, university libraries, and any institution interested in the integration of WSNs into IoT. Undergraduate and postgraduate students, Ph.D. scholars, industry technologists, young entrepreneurs, and researchers working in the field of security and privacy in IoT are the primary audience of this book. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Security Issues, Vulnerabilities, and Defense Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the Art and Recommendation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Applications of WSNs 1.3 Threats and Challenges 1.4 Taxonomy of WSN Attacks 1.4.1 Attacks Based on the Capability of the Attacker 1.4.2 Attacks on Information in Transit 1.4.3 Host-Based Versus Network-Based Attacks 1.4.4 Attacks Based on Protocol Stack 1.5 Passive Attack 1.6 Active Attack 1.7 Objectives of Network Security 1.7.1 Primary Objectives 1.7.2 Secondary Objectives 1.8 New Defense Mechanisms 1.8.1 Algorithm Strength Analysis 1.8.2 Length of Ciphertext 1.9 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Security Attacks and Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor Networks 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background of Wireless Sensor Networks 2.2.1 Characteristics 2.2.2 Wireless Sensor Network Components 2.2.3 Types of Wireless Sensor Networks 2.2.4 Wireless Sensor Network Layers 2.2.4.1 Application layer 2.2.4.2 Transport Layer 2.2.4.3 Network Layer 2.2.4.4 Data Link Layer 2.2.4.5 Physical Layer 2.3 Wireless Sensor Network Security 2.3.1 Security Requirements for WSNs 2.3.2 Security Requirements of WSN Data 2.3.3 Attacks and Countermeasures on Wireless Sensor Networks 2.3.3.1 Physical Layer Attacks and Countermeasures 2.3.3.2 Data Linked Layer Attacks and Countermeasures 2.3.3.3 Network Layer Attacks and Countermeasures 2.3.3.4 Transport Layer Attacks and their Countermeasures 2.3.3.5 Application Layer Attacks and Countermeasures 2.4 Role of Cryptography in Wireless Sensor Networks 2.5 Applications of Wireless Sensor Network 2.5.1 General Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 2.5.2 Industry-Specific Application of Wireless Sensor Networks 2.6 Wireless Sensor Networks for Future References Chapter 3 Overview of Ubiquitous Computing and a Modern Look in Current Times 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ubiquitous Computing Concepts 3.3 Pervasive Computing Concepts 3.4 Mobile Computing Concepts 3.5 IoT on Ubiquitous Computing 3.6 Ubiquitous Computing Applications 3.7 Security Aspect of IoT and Ubiquitous Computing 3.8 Trends 3.9 Conclusions References Chapter 4 Cryptanalysis and Security Evaluation Using Artificial Neural Networks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Related Work 4.3 The Theoretical Overview of the Research 4.3.1 Cryptanalysis 4.3.2 Artificial Neural Networks 4.4 Research Methodology 4.4.1 Data Processing Pipeline 4.4.2 Neural Network Model 4.4.3 Cryptographic Algorithms Used in This Research 4.5 Experimental Evaluation 4.5.1 Visual Representation 4.5.2 Results Presented in Tables 4.6 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Chapter 5 Post-Quantum Cryptography on Wireless Sensor Networks: Challenges and Opportunities 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Lightweight Cryptography 5.3 The Threat of Quantum Computing 5.3.1 Quantum Computing 5.3.2 Impact of Quantum Computing in the IoT 5.4 Post-Quantum Cryptography 5.4.1 Linear Codes 5.4.2 Lattices 5.4.3 Hash Trees 5.4.4 Systems of Multivariate Quadratic Equations 5.4.5 Isogenies between Supersingular Elliptic Curves 5.4.6 Standardization 5.4.7 Constrained Realizations of PQC Algorithms 5.5 WSNs and the Post-Quantum IoT 5.5.1 Updating Current Motes to Support PQC Algorithms 5.5.2 Promoting the Base Station as Unique IoT Gateway 5.5.3 Expanding the Mote Capabilities 5.5.4 Exploring Hybrid Security Solutions 5.6 Conclusions and Future Work Affiliations and Funding References Chapter 6 Performance Evaluation Using Different Routing Protocols in MANETs 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Challenges of MANETs 6.1.2 Applications of MANETs 6.2 Related Work 6.3 Routing Protocol in MANETs 6.3.1 Comparative Review of Routing Protocols 6.4 Optimization Techniques 6.4.1 ACO Technique 6.4.2 Swarm Intelligence-Based Optimization Technique 6.5 Performance of Different Routing Protocols 6.6 Result Analysis 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Smart Agriculture Using Wireless Sensor Networks 7.1 Introduction 7.2 WSNs and Smart Agriculture 7.3 State-of-the-Art Utilization of ML with WSNs for Smart Agriculture 7.4 Case Study—A Smart Irrigation System 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Workoflw 7.4.3 Components 7.4.3.1 Wireless Sensor Network 7.4.3.2 IoT Gateway 7.4.3.3 Cloud Services 7.4.4 Data Analysis 7.4.5 Graphical Analysis 7.4.6 Advantages of the Proposed System 7.5 Conclusion and Future Scope References Chapter 8 Big Data Analytics for Wireless Sensor Networks and Smart Grids: Applications, Design Issues, and Future Challenges 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Big Data Background 8.2.1 Characteristics of Big Data 8.2.2 Architecture 8.2.3 Technologies and Tools 8.2.4 Benefits from Big Data Analysis in Microgrids 8.3 Big Data Collection in Microgrids 8.3.1 Data Pertaining to the Equipment 8.3.2 Generation of Distributed Data 8.3.3 Load Side and Storage Battery Data 8.3.4 Environmental Data 8.3.5 Wireless Sensor Networks 8.3.6 Cloud Storage and IoT 8.4 Applications of Big Data in WSNs 8.4.1 Clustering of Energy Effectual Information 8.4.2 Acquisition of Data 8.4.3 Analysis of Data 8.4.4 Efficient Consumption 8.5 Applications of Big Data in Microgrids 8.5.1 Planning and Designing the Various Applications 8.5.2 Power Generation Prediction 8.5.3 Controlling the Equipment Assessment 8.5.4 Customer Loads 8.5.5 Data Attacks and Detection along with Enhancements in Marketing 8.6 Cellular Network Design in Big Data Analysis 8.6.1 Detection, Prediction of Failure, and Recouping 8.6.2 Monitoring of Network 8.6.3 Content Delivery and Cache 8.6.4 Optimization of Network 8.7 Future Research Issues and Challenges 8.7.1 Large-Scale Production and Computing Structures 8.7.2 Issues of Cybersecurity 8.7.3 Real-Time Data Handling 8.7.4 Issues with Deep Technology and Social Media 8.7.5 Error Handling 8.7.6 Visualizing the Data 8.8 Conclusion References Chapter 9 A New Algorithm Proposed for the Disaggregation of Loads in the Smart Grid Context 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Literature Background 9.2.1 Power Quality 9.2.2 Research on Power Quality 9.2.3 Smart Grid 9.2.4 Smart House 9.2.5 Monitoring Systems 9.2.6 Wavelet Transform 9.2.7 Neural Networks and Load Estimation 9.3 Materials and Methods 9.3.1 Acquisition of Signals 9.4 Methodology 9.5 Results and Discussion 9.6 Trends 9.7 Conclusions References Chapter 10 A Security Paradigm of WSN, IoT, and CPS: Challenges and Solutions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Security Primitives 10.3 Security Paradigms 10.3.1 Security Paradigm: WSNs 10.3.1.1 Security Requirements 10.3.1.2 WSN Architecture 10.3.2 Security Paradigm: IoT 10.3.2.1 Security Requirements 10.3.2.2 IoT Architecture 10.3.3 Security in CPS 10.3.3.1 Security Requirements 10.3.3.2 CPS Architecture 10.4 Security Challenges and Solutions in WSNs, IoT, and CPS 10.4.1 Security Challenges and Solutions in WSNs 10.4.2 Security Challenges and Solutions in IoT 10.4.3 Security Challenges and Solutions in CPS 10.5 A Unified and Scalable Security Framework for CPS 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11 IoT: Fundamentals and Challenges 11.1 Introduction to IoT 11.1.1 Definition of IoT 11.1.2 According to IEEE 11.1.3 According to ETSI 11.1.4 According to ITU 11.1.5 According to IETF 11.1.6 According to OASIS 11.1.7 According to W3C 11.2 Organization of Chapter 11.3 Evolution of the Internet of Things 11.4 Meaning of “Things” in the Internet 11.4.1 Basic Elements of IoT 11.4.2 Embedded Software-Based Devices 11.4.3 Communication Media 11.4.4 Operations on Data Objects 11.4.5 Graphical User Interface (GUI) 11.4.6 Actuators 11.4.7 Protocols 11.4.8 Gateways 11.5 IoT Conceptual Process Flow 11.5.1 Sensors 11.5.2 Preprocessing Microcontroller 11.5.3 Communication Channel 11.5.4 Multi-Service Operational Techniques 11.5.5 Application Service Interface 11.6 IoT Communication with Enabling Technologies 11.7 Layered Architecture of IoT 11.7.1 Application Layer 11.7.2 Multi-Service Layer 11.7.3 Network Layer 11.7.4 Sensor Layer 11.8 Applications of IoT 11.8.1 Domestic Smart Home Care Applications 11.8.2 Social Security and Control Applications 11.8.3 Environmental Awareness Applications 11.8.4 Technical Smart Intelligent Applications 11.8.5 Applications for Intelligence Emergency and Control System 11.9 IoT Security and Challenges 11.9.1 Technical Challenges 11.9.1.1 Security 11.9.1.2 Connectivity, Coordination, and Communication [CCC] 11.9.1.3 Compatibility in Technologies 11.9.1.4 Protocols 11.9.1.5 Data Analytics 11.9.2 Businesses and Application Challenges 11.9.2.1 Trust and Security 11.9.2.2 Costing 11.9.2.3 Interoperability 11.9.3 Societal Challenges 11.10 Merits of IoT 11.10.1 Technological Advancement 11.10.2 Efficient Services and Results 11.10.3 Time-Saver 11.10.4 Resource Utilization and Reducing Wastage 11.10.5 Decision-Maker 11.10.6 Accountability 11.11 Demerits of IoT 11.11.1 Security Issues 11.11.2 Privacy Issues 11.11.3 Flexibility Issues 11.11.4 Complex Maintenance and Deployment 11.11.5 Chances of Power Failure and Shutdown 11.12 Conclusion, Future Development, and Research Needs for IoT References Chapter 12 Enabling Technologies, Attacks, and Machine Learning-Based Countermeasures for IoT and IIoT 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background of IIoT 12.2.1 Framework and Architecture of IIoT 12.2.2 IIoT Communication Protocols 12.2.2.1 Modbus 12.2.2.2 BACnet 12.2.2.3 DNP3 12.2.2.4 ZMQ Messaging Design Model 12.2.2.5 Synchronization Attacks 12.2.2.6 Robust Time Synchronization 12.2.3 IoT’s Enabling Technologies 12.2.3.1 Internet of Things 12.2.3.2 Blockchain Technology 12.2.3.3 Cloud Computing 12.2.3.4 Virtual and Augmented Reality 12.2.3.5 Machine Learning 12.3 Attacks in IoT 12.3.1 Active Attack 12.3.1.1 DoS Attacks 12.3.1.2 Spoofing Attack 12.3.1.3 Sybil Attack 12.3.1.4 Jamming Attack 12.3.1.5 Man-in-the-Middle Attack 12.3.1.6 Selective Forwarding Attack 12.3.1.7 Node Capture or Tampering Attack 12.3.1.8 Denial of Sleep Attack 12.3.1.9 Wormhole Attack 12.3.1.10 MQTT Exploit 12.3.1.11 Rank Attack 12.3.2 Passive Attack 12.3.2.1 Passive Information Gathering (Eavesdropping) 12.3.2.2 Node Outage 12.3.2.3 Traffic Analysis 12.4 ML for IIoT 12.4.1 Techniques of ML 12.4.1.1 Supervised Learning 12.4.1.2 Unsupervised Learning 12.4.2 ML for IoT/IIoT Security 12.5 Challenges in IoT 12.5.1 Efficient Data Management Schemes 12.5.2 Data Security 12.5.3 Infrastructure Problem 12.5.4 Coexistence of Protocols and Wireless Technologies in IIoT 12.5.5 Collaboration among Heterogeneous IIoT Systems 12.5.6 Trust in IIoT Systems 12.5.7 IIoT Public Safety 12.5.8 Real-Time Update Issue 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Applications of AI and ML in IoT 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Artificial Intelligence 13.3 Machine Learning: Basic Concept 13.4 Internet of Things 13.4.1 Meaning of IoT 13.4.2 Importance of IoT 13.4.3 Scope of IoT: Applications and Examples 13.4.3.1 Increasing Efficiency 13.4.3.2 Improved Health and Safety 13.4.3.3 Enhancing Experience 13.5 Applications 13.5.1 Business 13.5.2 Education 13.5.3 Vehicles and Road Safety 13.5.4 Manufacturing Industries and Plants 13.5.5 Health Care 13.5.6 Home Automation 13.5.7 Blockchain 13.6 Potential Future 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Ubiquitous Computing for the Management, Evaluation, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Psychological Disorders 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Ubiquitous Computing 14.3 Ubiquitous Computing for Healthcare 14.4 Ubiquitous Computing in the Management of Mental Health Problems 14.5 Ubiquitous Computing: Remedial Prospect for Mental Disorders 14.6 Current Trends of Ubiquitous Computing in Mental Health 14.6.1 Virtual Reality Devices/Systems 14.6.2 Mental Health Apps 14.6.3 Illness and Self-Management Apps 14.6.4 Apps for Improving Psychological Processing and Training 14.6.5 Data Collection and Symptom Recording Devices 14.7 Authentication and Evaluation of Apps 14.8 Future Prospects of Ubiquitous Computing in Mental Healthcare 14.9 Ubiquitous Computing in Mental Healthcare: Challenges and Problems 14.10 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Challenges and Vulnerabilities of WSN-Based IoT in the Healthcare and Medical Industry 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Overview of the Contemporary WSN- and IoT-Enabled Technology 15.1.2 Design Considerations of Wireless Healthcare Monitoring Systems 15.1.3 Overview of the Relation and Differences between the IoT and WSNs 15.2 Challenges, Issues, and Threats related to WSN-Based IoT Technologies in the Healthcare and Medical Industry 15.2.1 Hardware Level 15.2.2 Physical Layer 15.2.3 MAC Layer 15.2.4 Transport Layer 15.2.5 Network Layer 15.2.6 Application Layer 15.2.7 Layer-Independent Challenges 15.3 Countermeasures and Potential Solutions to Ensure the Security and Privacy of WSN-Based Technology in the Healthcare and Medical Industry 15.3.1 A Three-Factor Anonymous Authentication Protocol for WSN-Based IoT Technology 15.3.2 Geographic Opportunistic Routing Based on Selective Authentication Against DoS Attacks 15.3.3 Overview of the Solutions for Protection Against Threats and Attacks on Hardware, Physical, Network, and Application Layers 15.3.3.1 Physical Layer 15.3.3.2 Network Layer 15.3.3.3 Transport Layer 15.3.3.4 Application Layer 15.4 Applications and Related Works of WSNs and the IoT in the Healthcare and Medical Industry 15.4.1 Daily Vital Activity Tracking Applications 15.4.2 Medical Status and Medicine Intake Applications 15.4.3 Movement Tracking Applications 15.4.4 Location Tracking Applications 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Blockchain Technology for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Privacy and Security 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Health Information Systems 16.3 Privacy and Security in Health Care 16.3.1 Privacy and Its Prospective 16.3.2 Significance of Security in Medical Services 16.3.3 Security in Healthcare 16.3.4 Privacy and Security in Health care with Future Prospective 16.4 Blockchain Technology 16.5 Blockchain in Health Care 16.5.1 Importance of Blockchain in Health Care 16.5.2 Sharing and Managing Medical Data 16.5.3 Drug Development and Supply Chain Integrity 16.5.4 Complaints, Invoice Management, and Frauds 16.5.5 Oriented Maintenance 16.5.6 Medical Examination 16.5.7 Case Management 16.6 Quantum Computing 16.7 Limitations 16.7.1 Technical Limitations 16.7.2 Legal Limitations 16.8 Conclusions References Index "Focusing on the integration of WSNs into IoT and shedding further light on the subtitles of such integration, this book aims to highlight the encountered problems and provide suitable solutions. It throws light on various types of threats that can attack both WSNs and IoT along with the recent approaches to counter them. Designed to be the first reference choice at research and development centers, academic institutions, university libraries, and any institutions interested in integration of WSNs into IoT"-- Provided by publisher