Integrated Life-Cycle and Risk Assessment for Industrial Processes (Advanced Methods in Resource & Waste Management)

this Book Covers The Use Of Life-cycle Assessment, Risk Assessment, And A Combined Framework Of The Two In The Estimation Of Environmental Damage, Providing Explanations Of Methods And Descriptions In The Environmental Analysis Of Industrial Processes. The Book Opens By Examining Environmental Strategies, Then Places Life-cycle And Risk Assessment Within An Environmental Toolbox, And Explores The Integration Of The Two Methods Via A Case Study. This Volume Is One Of The First Attempts To Illustrate The Interfaces Between The Tools And Considers Options For Continued Integration. The New Communication Between Life-cycle Assessment Experts And Risk Assessment Scientists Results In A Manual That It Practical And Useful In Environmental Analysis And Decision Making. INTEGRATED LIFE-CYCLE AND RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES......Page 2 Dedication......Page 4 Foreword......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Acknowledgments......Page 8 Authors......Page 9 General Abbreviations, Symbols, and Indices......Page 11 Table of Contents......Page 17 1.2.1 S USTAINABLE D EVELOPMENT......Page 25 1.2.2 E CO -E FFICIENCY......Page 27 1.3.1 I MPLEMENTATION OF R EGULATIONS AND S TANDARDS......Page 29 1.4 CONCEPTS......Page 30 1.4.3 T OTAL Q UALITY E NVIRONMENTAL M ANAGEMENT......Page 31 1.4.4 L IFE -C YCLE T HINKING......Page 32 1.4.5 D ESIGN FOR E NVIRONMENT......Page 33 1.5 TOOLS......Page 34 1.5.1.2 Law on Process Security......Page 35 1.5.1.5 Advance of Costs for End-of-Life Management......Page 36 1.5.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment......Page 37 1.5.3.2 Environmental Management System......Page 38 1.5.3.3 Eco-Audit......Page 39 1.5.3.4 Eco-Label......Page 40 1.5.4 A NALYTICAL T OOLS......Page 41 1.5.4.2 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)......Page 42 1.5.4.3 Impact Pathway Analysis (IPA)......Page 43 1.5.4.4 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)......Page 44 15.4.6 Accident Prevention......Page 45 1.5.5 A PPLICATION -D EPENDENT S ELECTION OF A NALYTICAL T OOLS......Page 46 1.6 EXAMPLE: DECISION-MAKING SITUATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT......Page 47 1.7.1 WASTE INCINERATION AS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM......Page 49 1.7.2 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR (MSWI) IN TARRAGONA, SPAIN......Page 50 1.8 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 54 REFERENCES......Page 56 2.1.1 C ONCEPT OF L IFE -C YCLE A SSESSMENT......Page 60 2.1.2 H ISTORY OF L IFE -C YCLE A SSESSMENT......Page 61 2.1.3 C OMMON U SES OF L IFE -C YCLE A SSESSMENT......Page 63 2.2 LCA FRAMEWORK AND THE ISO 14000......Page 64 2.2.2 I NVENTORY A NALYSIS......Page 65 2.2.4 I NTERPRETATION......Page 66 2.3.2 T HE F UNCTIONAL U NIT......Page 67 2.3.3 T HE S YSTEM B OUNDARIES......Page 68 2.3.4 D ATA R EQUIREMENTS......Page 69 2.4.2 P ROCESS F LOW D IAGRAM AND D ATA C OLLECTION......Page 71 2.4.3 A PPLICATION OF A LLOCATION C RITERIA......Page 73 2.4.4 E NVIRONMENTAL L OADS C ALCULATION......Page 74 2.5 LCA-BASED SOFTWARE TOOLS......Page 77 2.6.2 INVENTORY CALCULATION......Page 82 2.7.1 GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION OF THE MSWI LCA STUDY......Page 84 2.7.2 DATA USED IN LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY......Page 86 2.7.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS......Page 87 2.7.5 COMPARISON WITH SPANISH ELECTRICITY MIX......Page 88 2.8 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 89 REFERENCES......Page 93 3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 97 3.2 PHASES OF LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT......Page 98 3.3.1 E XTRACTION OF B IOTIC AND A BIOTIC R ESOURCES......Page 100 3.3.2 C LIMATE C HANGE : G LOBAL W ARNING P OTENTIAL......Page 101 3.3.4 H UMAN T OXICITY......Page 102 3.3.7 A CIDIFICATION......Page 105 3.4 AREAS OF PROTECTION......Page 106 3.5 MIDPOINT AND ENDPOINT INDICATORS......Page 107 3.6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 110 3.7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 112 3.7.2 CULTURAL THEORY......Page 114 3.7.3 THE DALY CONCEPT FOR HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT......Page 115 3.7.4 MONETIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES......Page 116 3.7.5 ECO-INDICATOR 99 AS APPROACH USING CULTURAL THEORY AND DALY......Page 121 3.7.5.2 Damage to Ecosystem Quality......Page 122 3.7.4.3 Damage to Resources......Page 123 3.7.5 UNIFORM WORLD MODEL......Page 124 3.8 SOPHISTICATION IN LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT......Page 127 3.9 INTERPRETATION......Page 129 3.10 EXAMPLE: COMPARISON OF PET AND GLASS FOR MINERAL WATER BOTTLES......Page 130 3.11 CASE STUDY: APPLICATION OF LCIA METHODS IN THE MSWI PROCESS CHAIN LCA......Page 132 3.12 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 134 REFERENCES......Page 136 4.2 RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 140 4.3 FRAMEWORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 142 4.4.2 E COSYSTEMS......Page 143 4.5.1.1 Environmental Monitoring......Page 145 4.5.1.2 Fate and Exposure Models......Page 147 4.5.2 H UMAN H EALTH E XPOSURE A SSESSMENT......Page 152 4.6 DOSE–RESPONSE AND EXPOSURE–RESPONSE FUNCTIONS......Page 154 4.6.1 H UMAN H EALTH D OSE –R ESPONSE AND E XPOSURE R ESPONSE......Page 156 4.6.1.1 Toxicological Information: Carcinogenic Effect......Page 157 4.6.1.2 Toxicological Information: Noncarcinogenic Effect......Page 158 4.6.1.3 Epidemiological Information......Page 159 Mortality......Page 161 4.6.2 ECOSYSTEMS (ENVIRONMENT)......Page 162 4.7.1 HUMAN HEALTH RISK......Page 164 4.7.1.2 Noncarcinogenic Risk to Human Health......Page 165 4.8 IMPACT PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA)......Page 166 4.8.2 REFERENCE ENVIRONMENT DATABASE......Page 169 4.8.6 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS......Page 170 4.8.7 AIR QUALITY MODELS......Page 171 4.9 THE ROLE OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DECISIONS......Page 173 4.9.2 AIR TOXICS......Page 174 4.9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION......Page 175 4.9.6 ECOLOGICAL RISKS......Page 176 4.10 EXAMPLE: COMPARISON OF TWO FATE AND EXPOSURE MODELS......Page 177 4.11 CASE STUDY: APPLICATIONAL ERA TO MSWI IN TARRAGONA, SPAIN......Page 181 4.12 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 186 REFERENCES......Page 188 5.2.1 P ARAMETER U NCERTAINTY......Page 191 5.2.5 V ARIABILITY AMONG S OURCES AND O BJECTS......Page 192 5. 3.1 E XPERIENCES TO A SSESS U NCERTAINTY IN L IFE - C YCLE A SSESSMENT......Page 193 5.4 INTRODUCTION TO MONTE CARLO SIMULATION......Page 194 5.4.1 U SE OF S OFTWARE P ACKAGES TO P ROPAGATE U NCERTAINTY BY P ERFORMING M ONTE C ARLO S IMULATION......Page 195 5.4.2 F RAMEWORK FOR U NCERTAINTY A SSESSMENT BY M ONTE C ARLO S IMULATION IN E NVIRONMENTAL I MPACT A NALYSIS......Page 197 5 .5.1 U NCERTAINTY A SSESSMENT IN L IFE - C YCLE I NVENTORY......Page 198 5.5.3 R ISK C HARACTERIZATION AND U NCERTAINTY A NALYSIS......Page 199 5.6 TYPES OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS USED......Page 201 5.7 EXAMPLE: RISK ASSESSMENT TO PCDD/FS IN TARRAGONA, SPAIN, USING THE MONTE CARLO APPROACH......Page 203 5.7.1 D ETERMINATION OF D ISTRIBUTION F UNCTIONS......Page 204 5.8 CASE STUDY: UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION FOR LCI AND IPA APPLIED TO MSWI IN TARRAGONA, SPAIN......Page 208 5.8.1.1 Assigning Probability Distributions to Considered Parameters......Page 209 5.8.1.2 Assessing Uncertainties and Variations in the Calculation of LCI......Page 214 5.8.1.3 Determining the Most Relevant Parameters in LCI by Sensitivity Analysis......Page 217 5.8.2.1 Assigning Probability Distributions to Considered Parameters......Page 220 5.8.2.2 Assessing Uncertainties and Variation in the Calculation of IPA......Page 223 5.8.2.3 Determining the Most Relevant Parameters in IPA by Sensitivity Analysis......Page 226 5.8.3 COMPARISON OF UNCERTAINTIES IN LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY AND IPA......Page 228 5.9 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 229 REFERENCES......Page 230 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO AN INTEGRATED APPROACH......Page 233 6.3 COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT......Page 235 6.4 MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION......Page 237 6.5.1 O VERVIEW OF THE M ETHODOLOGY......Page 240 6.5.2 G OAL AND S COPE D EFINITION......Page 241 6.5.3 L IFE -C YCLE I NVENTORY A NALYSIS......Page 249 6.5.4 L IFE -C YCLE I MPACT A SSESSMENT M ETHODS......Page 251 6.5.5 D OMINANCE A NALYSIS AND S PATIAL D IFFERENTIATION......Page 252 6.5.6 FATE AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS......Page 256 6.5.7 DAMAGE PROFILE......Page 260 6.5.8 ECO-EFFICIENCY......Page 262 6.6.1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION......Page 263 6.6.4 CONSUMERS AND SOCIETY IN GENERAL......Page 264 6.7 EXAMPLE: NECESSARY TECHNICAL ELEMENTS......Page 266 6.8.1 GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION......Page 267 6.8.5 FATE AND EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS......Page 269 6.8.6 DAMAGE PROFILE......Page 271 6.8.7 ECO-EFFICIENCY......Page 276 6.9 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 277 REFERENCES......Page 279 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 282 7.2 GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR SITE-DEPENDENT IMPACT ANALYSIS......Page 283 7.3 STATISTICALLY DETERMINED GENERIC CLASSES OF AIRBORNE EMISSIONS......Page 287 7.4 GENERIC CLASSES FOR HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 288 7.4.1FATE ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE DISPERSION CONDITIONS......Page 290 7.4.2 EXPOSURE ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE POPULATION DENSITY AROUND THE EMISSION SOURCE......Page 293 7.4.3 EFFECT ANALYSIS TO TRANSFORM INCREMENTAL EXPOSURES INTO DAMAGE ESTIMATIONS......Page 294 7.5 SITE-DEPENDENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ESTIMATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CHAINS......Page 295 7.6.1 WIND SPEED CLASSES......Page 296 7.6.2 SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE CLASSES......Page 298 7.6.3 SHORT- AND LONG-RANGE EXPOSURE......Page 301 7.6.5 ESTIMATES FOR ADJACENT REGIONS AND OTHER STACK HEIGHTS......Page 303 7.7.1 GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION......Page 305 7.7.4 DOMINANCE ANALYSIS AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION......Page 307 7.7.5 FATE AND EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS......Page 308 7.7.6 DAMAGE PROFILE......Page 311 7.7.7 UNCERTAINTIES IN THE APPLIED FRAMEWORK......Page 314 7.7.7.2 Dominance Analysis and Spatial Differentiation......Page 316 7.7.7.3 Fate and Exposure Assessment......Page 317 7.8 QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES......Page 320 REFERENCES......Page 321 8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 324 8.2.2.1 Introduction......Page 325 8.2.2.2 Goal and Scope Definition......Page 326 8.2.2.3 Inventory Analysis......Page 327 8.2.2.5 Interpretation......Page 329 8.2.4.1 Introduction......Page 335 8.2.4.3 Data for the ISCST3 Model......Page 336 8.2.4.4 Air Dispersion Results of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane......Page 338 8.2.4.6 Spatial Scale, Time Scale and Assessable Substances......Page 339 8.2.4.7 Input Data for CalTOX......Page 340 8.2.4.8 Exposure Results of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane......Page 342 8.3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 343 8.3.2 GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION......Page 344 8.3.3.1 Input Data for the Software EIME......Page 345 8.3.5 INTERPRETATION......Page 347 8.3.6 LIMITATIONS OF SITE-SPECIFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE REMOTE LIFE CYCLE......Page 352 8.4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 353 8.4.3.1 Inventory......Page 354 8.4.3.3 Interpretation of the LCA......Page 356 8.4.4 SITE-SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS......Page 357 8.4.4.1 Impact Pathway Analysis Applied to the Energy Generation in the Industrial Separation......Page 360 8.4.4.2 Fate and Exposure Analysis with Risk Assessment of Mercury for the Electricity Generation in the Industrial Separation Process......Page 361 8.5 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE APPLICATIONS......Page 363 REFERENCES......Page 366 Environmental engineers, industrial ecologists, hazardous waste managers and other professionals within the environmental field recognize the importance of incorporating elements of risk assessment with life-cycle assessments., These analytical tools have become increasingly a part of environmental management practices. But until now this development has been ignored by textbook literature for graduate students and professionals. Integrated Life-Cycle and Risk Assessment for Industrial Processes covers the use of life-cycle assessment, risk assessment, and a combined framework of the two in the estimation of environmental damage, providing explanations of methods and descriptions of practical applications in the environmental analysis of industrial processes. The book opens by examining environmental strategies, then places life-cycle and risk assessment within an environmental toolbox, and explores the integration of the two methods via a case study. This volume is one of the first attempts to illustrate the interfaces between the tools and considers options for continued integration.; The new communication between life-cycle assessment experts and risk assessment scientists results in a manual that is practical and useful in environmental analysis and decision making "This volume is one of the first attempts to illustrate the interfaces between these tools and presents options for continued integration. The new communication between life-cycle assessment experts and risk assessment scientists results in a manual that is practical and useful in environmental analysis and decision making."--Jacket