Integrated Electronic Circuits

This textbook takes a unique approach to fundamental courses in electronic circuits, providing the students with early exposure to Integrated Circuit (IC) technology and Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools using a Process Design Kit (PDK). This aims at preparing the students to participate in the advancements taking place in the field today and in the foreseeable future. The book follows a novel, hands-on approach to electronics education, combining a unique pedagogy that balances theory with practice. The starting point consists of circuit simulation results rather than device physics. Therefore, hand calculations and simulations are readily used, and the loop between the two is closed. The information is presented visually not only for the circuits, but also for the signals involved, all of which being simulation results. The book is aimed to be easily read and understood by the students, which gives the instructors ample time to concentrate on the important points. The book discusses technology and its applications and limitations along with the IC design flow. It goes in depth into various types of circuits including analog, digital, and mixed-signal, where the students are encouraged to discover the connections between the different applications. This is because future electronic circuit designers should be able to understand system and technology aspects, and be able to switch easily between applications. This results in the students being better-prepared for future cross-disciplinary innovations. Preface Abbreviations Contents Chapter 1: Circuits and Signals 1.1 Sample Applications 1.1.1 Embedded System with Sensors and Actuators 1.1.2 Power Supply: AC-DC Conversion 1.1.3 Communications 1.2 Information Content in Signals 1.3 Voltage and Current Domains 1.4 Vertical Circuits 1.5 Unit Conversion and Logarithmic Scales 1.6 Feedback Basics 1.7 Miller ́s Theorem Chapter 2: Basic Applications 2.1 Regarding Specifications 2.2 Amplify 2.2.1 Regular Amplifiers 2.2.1.1 Behavioral Modeling 2.2.1.2 Non-idealities 2.2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Operational Transconductance Amplifiers 2.2.2.1 Behavioral Modeling 2.2.2.2 Basic Configurations 2.3 Filter 2.3.1 General Description 2.3.2 Specifications 2.3.3 Transfer Function and Implementation 2.3.3.1 Low-Pass Filter 2.3.3.2 High-Pass Filter 2.3.3.3 General Filter 2.3.3.4 All-Pass Filter 2.4 Switch and Compute Chapter 3: Diodes 3.1 Diode Models 3.1.1 Forward Region Diode Models 3.1.1.1 Diode Model 1: Constant-Voltage Drop (C-VD) Model 3.1.1.2 Diode Model 2: Variable-Voltage Drop (V-VD) Model 3.1.1.3 Diode Model 3: Exponential Model 3.1.2 Reverse and Breakdown Regions Diode Model 3.1.3 Additional Notes Regarding the Diode Modeling 3.1.3.1 Temperature Effects 3.1.3.2 Capacitive Effects 3.2 Diode Applications 3.2.1 Clipping 3.2.2 Rectification 3.2.2.1 Half-Wave Rectifier 3.2.2.2 Bridge Rectifier 3.2.2.3 Peak Rectifier 3.2.3 Clamped Capacitor (DC Restorer) 3.2.4 AC-to-DC Voltage Multiplication 3.2.5 DC-to-DC Conversion 3.2.5.1 Buck-Boost Converter 3.2.5.2 Dickson Charge Pump 3.2.6 DC Voltage Stabilization 3.2.7 Lighting 3.2.8 Photodetection 3.2.9 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection 3.2.10 Temperature Measurements 3.2.11 Variable Capacitance Chapter 4: Transistors 4.1 Transistor Models 4.2 Transistor Example 1: MOSFET 4.2.1 MOSFET Large-Signal Model 4.2.1.1 MOSFET Large-Signal Model: Saturation Region 4.2.1.2 MOSFET Large-Signal Model: Triode Region 4.2.2 MOSFET Small-Signal Model 4.2.2.1 MOSFET Small-Signal Model: Saturation Region 4.2.2.2 MOSFET Small-Signal Model: Triode Region 4.3 Transistor Example 2: BJT 4.3.1 BJT Large-Signal Model: Forward Active Region 4.3.2 BJT Small-Signal Model: Forward Active Region 4.4 Transistor Characterization 4.4.1 Large-Signal Parameters 4.4.2 Small-Signal Parameters 4.5 Basic Circuits and Applications 4.5.1 Switches 4.5.2 Logic Gates 4.5.3 Resistors: Small Signal 4.5.4 Current Sources 4.5.5 Diodes 4.5.6 Amplifiers: Small Signal 4.5.7 Capacitors 4.5.8 Active Inductors 4.5.9 Negative Capacitances and Inductances Chapter 5: Technology and Limitations 5.1 System Overview 5.2 IC Overview 5.3 Integrated Devices 5.4 Semiconductor Manufacturing and the Foundry Ecosystem 5.5 Process Variations and Corners 5.6 Parasitics, Electromigration, and IR Drop 5.7 Reliability and Aging 5.8 Past, Present, and Future Trends Chapter 6: IC Design Flow 6.1 Design Flow 6.2 Transistor Models 6.3 Corner and Statistical Simulations 6.4 Implementation Considerations 6.4.1 Dealing with Connection Parasitics 6.4.2 Splitting a Transistor into Fingers 6.4.3 Matching Devices 6.4.4 Shielding and Guard Rings Chapter 7: Single-Ended Amplifiers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Common-Source (CS) Configuration 7.2.1 Common-Source DC Analysis 7.2.2 Common-Source AC Small-Signal Analysis 7.3 Common-Gate (CG) Configuration 7.3.1 Common-Gate DC Analysis 7.3.2 Common-Gate AC Small-Signal Analysis 7.4 Common-Drain (CD) Configuration 7.4.1 Common-Drain DC Analysis 7.4.2 Common-Drain AC Small-Signal Analysis 7.5 Performance Summary 7.6 Cascaded Amplifiers and Transistor Pairing 7.6.1 Example 1: 2-Stage Cascade 7.6.2 Example 2: 3-Stage Cascade 7.6.3 Example 3: 2-Stage Vertical Cascade (Cascode) 7.6.4 Example 4: BJT Transistor Pairing 7.6.5 Example 5: MOSFET- BJT Transistor Pairing Chapter 8: Logic Circuits 8.1 Introduction to Logic Circuit Families 8.2 General Properties 8.2.1 Voltage-Transfer Characteristic 8.2.2 Transition Time 8.2.3 Noise Margins 8.2.4 Power Consumption: Dynamic 8.3 Static Logic 8.3.1 Ratioed Logic 8.3.1.1 Ratioed Logic: Voltage-Transfer Characteristic 8.3.1.2 Ratioed Logic: Transition Time 8.3.1.3 Ratioed Logic: Sample Gates 8.3.2 Complementary (CMOS) Logic 8.3.2.1 CMOS Logic: Voltage-Transfer Characteristic 8.3.2.2 CMOS Logic: Transition Time 8.3.2.3 CMOS Logic: Sample Gates 8.3.3 Pass-Transistor Logic 8.4 Dynamic Logic Chapter 9: Differential Structures 9.1 Electrical Noise 9.2 Introduction to Differential Structures 9.3 Differential Amplifiers 9.3.1 Differential-to-Differential Amplifier 9.3.1.1 Common-Mode DC Behavior (Biasing Point) 9.3.1.2 Common-Mode AC Small-Signal Behavior (Noise) 9.3.1.3 Differential-Mode Small-Signal Behavior (Data) 9.3.1.4 Behavior in the Presence of Mismatches 9.3.1.5 Output Common-Mode Stabilization 9.3.2 Differential-to-Single-Ended Amplifier 9.3.2.1 Common-Mode AC Small-Signal Behavior (Noise) 9.3.2.2 Differential-Mode Small-Signal Behavior 9.4 Differential Logic Circuits Chapter 10: Voltage Regulators and Converters, Reference and Bias Circuits 10.1 Power Distribution Overview 10.2 Voltage Regulators and Converters 10.2.1 Linear Voltage Regulators 10.2.2 Switching Converters (With Inductors) 10.2.2.1 Buck Converters 10.2.2.2 Boost Converters 10.2.2.3 Buck-Boost Converters 10.2.3 Switched-Capacitor Converters (Without Inductors) 10.2.3.1 Buck Switched-Capacitor Converters 10.2.3.2 Boost Switched-Capacitor Converters 10.3 Reference Circuits 10.3.1 Simple Voltage Reference 10.3.2 Bandgap Voltage Reference 10.4 Bias Circuits 10.4.1 Simple Current Source 10.4.2 Improved Current Sources 10.4.3 Biasing a Complete Integrated Circuit 10.5 Power Distribution for Digital Circuits Chapter 11: Output Stages 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Performance Parameters 11.3 Classes: Introduction 11.4 Class A 11.4.1 Class A Output and Input Voltage Range 11.4.2 Class A Transfer Characteristic and Linearity 11.4.3 Class A Power Consumption, Power Dissipation, and Efficiency 11.5 Class B 11.5.1 Class B Output and Input Voltage Range 11.5.2 Class B Transfer Characteristic and Linearity 11.5.3 Class B Power Consumption, Power Dissipation, and Efficiency 11.6 Class AB 11.6.1 Class AB Output and Input Voltage Range 11.6.2 Class AB Transfer Characteristic and Linearity 11.6.3 Class AB Power Consumption, Power Dissipation, and Efficiency Chapter 12: Mixed-Signal Circuits 12.1 Comparators 12.2 Switched-Capacitor Circuits 12.3 Sample-and-Hold Circuits 12.4 Data Converters 12.4.1 Digital-to-Analog Converters 12.4.2 Analog-to-Digital Converters 12.5 Oscillators and Phase-Locked Loops Index