Integrated Earthquake Simulation

Integrated earthquake simulation (IES) is a new method for evaluating earthquake hazards and disasters induced in cities and urban areas. It utilises a sequence of numerical simulations of such aspects as earthquake wave propagation, ground motion amplification, structural seismic response, and mass evacuation. This book covers the basics of numerical analysis methods of solving wave equations, analyzing structural responses, and developing agent models for mass evaluation, which are implemented in IES. IES makes use of Monte-Carlo simulation, which takes account of the effects of uncertainties related to earthquake scenarios and the modeling of structures both above and below ground, and facilitates a better estimate of overall earthquake and disaster hazard. It also presents the recent achievement of enhancing IES with high-performance computing capability that can make use of automated models which employ various numerical analysis methods. Detailed examples of IES for the Tokyo Metropolis Earthquake and the Nankai Trough Earthquake are given, which use large scale analysis models of actual cities and urban areas. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Author Biography 1. Overview of Integrated Earthquake Simulation 1.1. Background 1.2. Scope 1.3. Key features 1.3.1. Utilization of HPC 1.3.2. Automated model construction 2. Applications Implemented in Integrated Simulation 2.1. Finite element method of solving wave equation 2.1.1. Governing equation 2.1.2. Boundary condition 2.1.3. Solution algorithm 2.1.4. Solution algorithm with high-performance computing 2.2. Structural seismic response analysis 2.2.1. Foundation of structural seismic response analysis 2.2.2. Mass-spring model consistent with continuum mechanics model 2.2.3. Extension of mass-spring model 2.3. Agent-based simulations of mass evacuation 2.3.1. Mathematical framework 2.3.2. Hybrid model of the environment 2.3.3. Agents 2.3.4. Validation of constituent functions 2.3.5. HPC extension 3. Automated Model Construction 3.1. Underground structures 3.2. Structures 3.2.1. Methodology of automated model construction 3.2.2. Procedures of automated model construction 3.2.3. Automated model construction of residential building 3.2.4. Automated model construction of road bridge 3.3. Evacuation environment 3.3.1. Automated construction of grid and graph 3.3.2. Approximating vehicle trajectories at intersections 4. Examples of Integrated Earthquake Simulation 4.1. Simulation of city blocks 4.1.1. Problem setting 4.1.2. Models 4.1.3. Simulation results 4.2. Tokyo Metropolis Earthquake 4.2.1. Problem setting 4.2.2. Constructed analysis models 4.2.3. Simulation results 4.3. Nankai Trough Earthquake 4.3.1. Problem setting 4.3.2. Constructed analysis models 4.3.3. Simulation results 4.3.4. Mass evacuation simulation A. Conjugate Gradient Method A.1. Wave equation and its solution A.2. Preconditioner A.3. Finite element with parallel computation B. Multi-Agent System B.1. Collision avoidance B.1.1. Brief introduction to ORCA scheme B.1.2. Implementation B.1.3. Defining velocity objects and ORCA half-planes B.1.4. Group collision avoidance B.1.5. Side selection for overtaking B.2. Interaction models B.2.1. Pedestrians B.2.2. Cars B.2.3. Calibrating the parameters to model specific interactions B.3. An automated calibration/optimization tool C. Meta-Modeling Theory C.1. Structural mechanics from the continuum mechanics viewpoint C.2. Derivation of governing equation of bar problem C.3. Derivation of governing equation of beam problem C.4. Derivation of governing equation of torsional bar problem D. Mathematical Treatment of Soil-Structure Interaction D.1. Soil-structure interaction effects D.2. Formulation of soil spring D.3. Applicability and limitation of soil spring Bibliography Index Integrated earthquake simulation evaluates earthquake hazards and disasters by carrying out a sequence of numerical simulations of such aspects as earthquake wave generation and propagation, structural seismic response, mass evacuation, and economic recovery processes. It combines high performance computers with automated models.