Integral Waterproofing of Concrete Structures: Advanced Protection Technologies of Concrete by Pore Blocking and Lining (Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering)

Integral Waterproofing of Concrete Structures demonstrates how integral waterproofing technologies can solve concrete durability problems based on performance and characterization experimental results. This book first establishes a background about concrete structures and porosity linked with concrete hydration, then goes on to consider concrete durability problems from the perspective of water penetration including damages from freeze-thaw cycles, alkali silica reactions, and chloride ion penetration. The mechanisms, applications, performances, and limitations of waterproofing technologies including coatings and integral systems are compared. The book also showcases all application methods of crystallization waterproofing materials, including material spray on cured concrete and on fresh concrete, and their addition to concrete mix designs as enhancers or admixtures. Pore-blocking and lining waterproofing systems including silicate-based and hygroscopic kinds, and other waterproofing materials are also discussed. Includes various, advanced, recent technologies in the field of waterproofing Presents and describes enhanced concrete characteristics and modified structures within the context of material engineering Summarizes the characteristics of waterproofing systems obtained from experimental results Front Cover Integral Waterproofing of Concrete Structures Copyright Page Contents List of contributors About the author Preface List of abbreviations and symbols 1 Introduction to concrete chemistry 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Concrete as a composite material 1.2.1 Concrete binder 1.2.2 Mixing water 1.2.3 Aggregates 1.3 Cement hydration chemistry 1.3.1 Stoichiometry of hydration reactions 1.3.2 Kinetics and heat of hydration reactions 1.4 Pozzolanic reactions 1.5 Admixtures and pozzolanic materials 1.5.1 Supplementary cementitious materials 1.5.2 Chemical admixtures 1.6 Durability problems related to concrete chemistry References 2 Concrete porosity and transport processes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Concrete structure and porosity 2.3 Structure of entrapped and entrained air voids 2.4 Concrete permeability 2.4.1 Effect of pressure on the rate of water permeation 2.5 Transport characteristics of concrete 2.5.1 Thermal characteristics of concrete 2.6 Fundamentals of transport processes in concrete 2.6.1 Fluid flow through concrete 2.6.2 Mass transfer through concrete 2.6.3 Heat transfer through concrete References 3 Concrete durability problems: physicochemical and transport mechanisms 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Concrete durability and structure sustainability 3.3 Water as the medium for concrete durability problems 3.4 Fundamental mechanisms of concrete durability 3.5 Physical mechanisms of concrete deterioration 3.5.1 Mechanical actions of surface deterioration 3.5.2 Concrete deterioration due to freezing and thawing cycles 3.5.3 Shrinkage deterioration 3.6 Chemical mechanisms of concrete deterioration 3.6.1 Acid attack 3.6.2 Chloride attack and corrosion of embedded steel 3.6.3 Sulfate attack 3.6.4 Reactions with magnesium compounds 3.6.5 Alkali aggregate reactions 3.7 Biochemical mechanisms of concrete deterioration 3.8 Economic aspects of durability solutions References 4 Materials selection and proportioning for watertight and durable concrete 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials selection and proportioning 4.3 Methods of concrete proportioning and mix design 4.4 Concrete types, grades, and classes 4.4.1 General concrete types 4.4.2 Pavement concrete 4.4.3 Mass concrete 4.5 Concrete mixture proportions 4.5.1 Sample prescribed proportions of concrete mixtures 4.6 Material mix designing of concrete exposure to environmental actions 4.6.1 Impact of concrete design on concrete permeability and durability References 5 Physical and chemical interactions of water with surfaces and particles 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Introduction to water chemistry 5.3 Water adsorption into cementitious surfaces 5.3.1 Water adsorption isotherms 5.3.2 Water adsorption kinetics 5.4 Hydrophilicity 5.4.1 Water sorption, theoretical analysis 5.4.2 Swelling 5.5 Hydrophobicity 5.5.1 Parameters affecting hydrophobicity 5.5.2 Types and chemical structures of hydrophobic compounds 5.5.3 Reactions of hydrophobic materials with surfaces 5.6 Hygroscopicity 5.7 Icephobicity and ice adhesion 5.7.1 Quantification of icephobicity and ice adhesion 5.7.2 Mechanisms of ice adhesion 5.8 Nanotechnology in concrete industry References 6 Fundamentals and categorizations of waterproofing technologies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Waterproofing concepts and approaches 6.3 Characterization approaches of waterproofing systems 6.4 Waterproofing compositions and structures 6.5 Dampproofing versus waterproofing 6.6 Vaporproofing versus breathable waterproofing systems 6.7 Selection of waterproofing materials and application requirements 6.8 Performance characteristic of waterproofing materials 6.9 General comparison of waterproofing systems References 7 Concepts and types of integral waterproofing materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Terminologies and categorizations of internal waterproofing approach 7.3 Types of direct integral waterproofing technologies 7.4 Setting and formation of integral waterproofing materials 7.5 Interactions of integral waterproofing materials with water 7.6 Levels of water resistance of integral waterproofing materials 7.7 Indirect integral waterproofing approach through concrete mix design 7.7.1 Integral waterproofing function by chemical admixtures 7.7.2 Integral waterproofing function of supplementary cementitious materials 7.8 Performance characteristics and testing of integral waterproofing materials References 8 Hydrophobic integral dampproofing materials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Concepts of hydrophobic dampproofing materials 8.2.1 Antiicing and icephobicity of hydrophobic damproofing materials 8.3 Types of hydrophobic damproofing materials 8.4 Applications of hydrophobic dampproofing materials 8.5 Mechanism of hydrophobic dampproofing systems 8.5.1 The chemical setting of organosilicon compounds 8.5.1.1 Alkaline catalyzed setting reactions of silanes and siloxanes 8.5.1.2 Carbon dioxide catalyzed setting reactions of siliconates 8.5.2 Setting reactions of stearates and similar organic compounds 8.5.3 Setting of other hydrophobic systems 8.6 Requirements of hydrophobic dampproofing materials 8.6.1 Stability of hydrophobic dampproofing materials 8.7 Durability performance of hydrophobic dampproofing 8.7.1 Efficiency of water-repellency and de-wetting 8.7.2 Reduction in water absorption 8.7.3 Reducing chloride ion penetration and corrosion 8.7.4 Reducing carbonation 8.7.5 Enhancing concrete resistance against freezing and thawing and scaling 8.7.6 Strength parameters References 9 Hydrophilic crystallization waterproofing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Waterproofing by pore blocking 9.2.1 Swelling behavior of hydrophilic crystalline gels 9.3 Types of hydrophilic waterproofing materials 9.3.1 Hydrophilic crystalline waterproofing solutions 9.3.2 Hydrophilic crystalline waterproofing powder admixtures 9.3.3 Other pore filling waterproofing materials 9.4 Applications of hydrophilic waterproofing materials 9.5 Crystallization reactions of hydrophilic waterproofing systems 9.5.1 Structure of hydrophilic crystallization waterproofing particles 9.5.2 Interaction with cement hydration 9.5.3 Self-healing mechanism 9.6 Durability performance of hydrophilic waterproofing 9.6.1 Performance investigation based on structural analysis 9.6.2 Reduction in water absorption and permeability by hydrophilic WP 9.6.3 Reducing chloride ion penetration and corrosion by hydrophilic waterproofing 9.6.4 Breathability and carbonation in concrete with hydrophilic waterproofing systems 9.6.5 Reducing concrete deterioration from freezing and thawing by hydrophilic waterproofing 9.6.6 Other durability and strength parameters References 10 Dual crystallization waterproofing topical treatment 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Concepts of dual crystallization waterproofing 10.3 Application and penetration of the dual crystallization waterproofing 10.4 The dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered mechanisms 10.5 The dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered performance 10.5.1 Waterproofing efficiency 10.5.2 Dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered enhancement of concrete resistance against chloride ion penetration 10.5.3 Enhancement of concrete resistance against ASR 10.5.4 Enhancement of concrete resistance against cycles of freezing and thawing 10.5.5 Enhancement of concrete resistance against biological degradation by mold growth 10.5.6 Effects of dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered treated on the mechanical characteristics and serviceabilit... References 11 Multicrystallization waterproofing enhancer for concrete mixtures 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mechanism of waterproofing by multicrystallization enhancer 11.2.1 Enhancement of mechanical characteristics of concrete by multicrystallization 11.3 Reducing porosity and permeability of concrete with multicrystallization enhancer 11.4 The role of multicrystallization enhancer in managing thermal effects in concrete 11.4.1 Managing thermal effects during concrete curing using multicrystallization enhancer 11.4.2 Enhancing concrete resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing using multicrystallization enhancer 11.5 Reducing chloride ion penetration in multicrystallization enhancer-dosed concrete 11.6 Enhancement of concrete durability against alkali–silica reactions by multicrystallization enhancer References 12 Waterproofing coatings and membranes 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Terminologies and categories of external waterproofing barriers 12.3 Types of materials for waterproofing barriers 12.3.1 Cementitious waterproofing coatings 12.3.2 Polymer-modified cementitious coatings and mortars 12.3.3 Polymeric barriers 12.3.3.1 Sheet systems Bituminous sheets Polymer-modified bitumen sheets Rubber sheets Polyvinyl chloride sheets 12.3.3.2 Liquid membranes systems Bituminous liquid membranes Polyurethane liquid membranes Epoxy coatings Acrylic membranes 12.4 Applications of waterproofing barriers 12.4.1 Application of cementitious waterproofing coatings 12.4.2 Installation of polymeric waterproofing barriers 12.5 Mechanisms of waterproofing barriers 12.5.1 Bonding of external waterproofing barriers 12.6 Stability of external barriers 12.7 Durability performance of waterproofing barriers 12.7.1 Effectiveness of waterproofing 12.7.2 Effectiveness of waterproofing barriers in reducing chloride ion penetration and corrosion 12.7.3 Breathability and carbonation resistance of external waterproofing barriers 12.7.4 Enhancing concrete resistance against freezing and thawing and scaling References Index Back Cover